Detection of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus anthracis-like spores in soil from state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Salgado, Jacqueline R. S.; Rabinovitch, Leon; Gomes, Maria de Fátima Dos S; Allil, Regina C.; Werneck, Marcelo Martins; Rodrigues, Rafael B.; Picão, Renata Cristina; Luiz, Fernanda Baptista de Oliveira; Vivoni, Adriana Marcos

doi:10.1590/0074-02760200370

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…All the investigated bacilli except B. megaterium harboured either cap or pag gene while B. anthracis and B. cereus haboured both the virulence genes. Uneven distribution of these genes among the isolates may suggest the loss or gain of plasmids for virulence among the bacteria as recently reported elsewhere [23]. Bacillus anthracis, is thought to differ from other species of same genus by the presence of the virulence genes borne on the plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2 encoding the lethal toxin genes that cause the severe inhalation anthrax illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Anthrax toxins-producing Bacillus spp. isolated from handwashing stations during COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria

Bamidele,

Odumosu,

Adenola

et al. 2023

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: The virulence binding factor, protective antigen (pag) and poly-D-γ-glutamate capsular (cap) genes, peculiar to Bacillus anthracis are located in the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids which are transferable horizontally to related species called “cereus group”. The cereus group are usually isolated from the environmental/food samples and have been implicated in debilitating human and animal anthrax-like diseases. This study was designed to investigate the presence of the anthrax virulence genes in different Bacillus spp. isolated from handwashing facilities during COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: The Bacillus anthracis (OK316847), B. thuringiensis (OK316855), B. amyloliquefaciens (OK316857), B. cereus (OK316858) and B. thuringiensis (OK316859) previously isolated from rinsates and bowl water in two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state were further investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the pag and cap genes using specific primers. Results: Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus co-harboured the two 578 bp cap and 364 bp pag genes while B. thuringiensis only harboured the cap gene. Similarly, the non-cereus B. amyloliquefaciens was found to habour the pag gene. Conclusions: The two anthrax toxin genes were amplified in the Bacillus spp isolated from rinsates and bowl water used in hand washing in the two study LGAs. Given that these virulence genes have a global consequence and are a potential threat to life, this study calls for an extensive surveillance, and reassessment of gene regulators and plasmid distribution among these strains in our environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Anthrax toxins-producing Bacillus spp. isolated from handwashing stations during COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria

Bamidele,

Odumosu,

Adenola

et al. 2023

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…Studies of spore-forming bacteria have shown their resistance to chemicals and elevated temperatures. This property can vary both in diverse types of microorganisms and in strains of the same species [13]. It was established that variable sporulation conditions, including the use of liquid or solid media, levels of nutrients and divalent cations, as well as pH and temperature of the sporulation medium, can affect the persistence properties of the resulting spores [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect of using B. anthracis exotoxin in the design of anti-selective emergency preparations

Yanenko¹,

Zaviriukha²,

Vasylieva³

et al. 2022

Ukrainian journal of veterinary sciences

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The relevance of the study is conditioned upon the fact that outbreaks of anthrax are periodically recorded on the territory of Ukraine, not only in ruminants, but also in pigs, fur animals, dogs, and people. The purpose of the study is to investigate the protective properties of the experimental vaccines and the abacillary vaccine “Antracol” and to prove the immunogenic effect of the extracellular toxin from the B. anthracis K-79 Z strain. Cultures of vaccine strains of anthrax were used for the experiments: B. anthracis 55, B. anthracis SB, B. anthracis K-79 Z and the “Antracol” vaccine (experimental development). Microbiological, clinical-biological, and biotechnological research methods were used in the study. The protective effect was investigated on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). An acute experiment was performed with a virulent strain B. anthracis 92 Z. Exotoxin was obtained from the specified cultures. The titre of the exotoxin was found in the disk precipitation reaction. The highest result regarding exotoxin production was recorded in B. anthracis K-79 Z 1 : 128 with a total protein concentration of 0.19 mg/ml, while the exotoxin of B. anthracis strain 55 with a titre of 1 : 32 showed a high total protein concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. The effect of B. anthracis exotoxins on the body was investigated by administering them to laboratory animals in different titres of exotoxins, followed by infection with the pathogenic strain B. anthracis 92 Z. The exotoxin of the vaccine strain B. anthracis K-79 Z in a titre of 1 : 64-1 : 128 shows the best protective properties against the pathogenic strain. It was found that the vaccine strains of B. anthracis SB and B. anthracis K-79 Z have the same level of protection of laboratory animals during experimental infection, which is 60%, while the vaccine from the strain B. anthracis 34F2 showed a level of protection of 20%. Based on the results of the study, it was found appropriate to use exotoxin B. anthracis in the development of prophylactic preparations against anthrax. The research results can be used by scientists and specialists in the field of veterinary medicine to develop new and improve the available vaccines for effective anthrax prevention

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“…However, there is still a signifi cant risk of new outbreaks, mainly due to the large number of old animal burial sites (13,500) and their unresolved current status. It was repeatedly established by researchers from Russia (Dugharzhapova et al, 2016;Shishkova et al, 2011), Albania (Peculi et al, 2015), Brazil (Salgado, 2020) and Italy (Fasanella et al, 2015, that these burial sites of anthrax infected animal carcasses pose a particular risk as natural reservoir of this pathogen. In addition, there are most likely unknown soil foci of the pathogen originating from herding or war (World War II) casualties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of possibly anthrax-contaminated burial sites in eastern and southern Ukraine

et al. 2020

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Aim. The aim of this study was to screen soil samples of 17 anthrax burial sites in Eastern and Southern Ukraine for the presence of B. anthracis. Methods. Soil samples were collected from anthrax grave sites located in Kharkiv, Sumy and Mykolaiv regions (diseased animals dated from 1946 to 2003). Isolation of B. anthracis from collected soil samples was performed with the GABRI method. From single colonies without hemolysis, that were inactivated with peracetic acid- containing 2 % Terralin PAA solution, DNA was extracted and analyzed by qPCR for the presence of chromosomal marker dhp61, as well as the markers pagA and capC located on virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, respectively. Results. Eleven fi eld trips were conducted from July, 2016 to October, 2018 in which 369 soil samples from 17 burial sites in Kharkiv, Sumy and Mykolaiv oblasts were collected from different depths of presumed anthrax carcass sites. In most cases (12 out of 17 cases), the current status of these burial sites was deteriorated and not prop- erly accounted for. It was possible to obrain viable B. anthracis isolate was obtained from 50 cm depth at the grave site near Koviagy village, Valky district, Kharkiv region (49.92373°N, 35.48951°E). This isolate was named KhR/ VD/Kov2-2-05-3 and deposited in the Collection of Animal Infectious Pathogens of the National Scientifi c Center “Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine”, Kharkiv, Ukraine. The contamination level of soil at the isolation site reached about 10 4 CFU per g as determined by plate counting. qPCR analysis of this isolate identi- fi ed both the dhp61 B. anthracis chromosomal and the pagA virulence plasmid marker. However, the plasmid pXO2 marker, required for capsule-formation could not be detected. Conclusions. The anthrax burial sites were created between the 1920s and 1960s, however, only approximate locations could be found and demarcated. In most cases the status of the sites was unsuitable for sampling. Nevertheless, isolation of B. anthracis in one case in the Valky district shows that old anthrax burial sites (13.500 exist in Ukraine) still pose a risk as potential source of the infection and therefore require more attention and surveillance, for which a surveillance plan will be developed.

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Detection of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus anthracis-like spores in soil from state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Anthrax toxins-producing Bacillus spp. isolated from handwashing stations during COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria

Anthrax toxins-producing Bacillus spp. isolated from handwashing stations during COVID-19 pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria

Prospect of using B. anthracis exotoxin in the design of anti-selective emergency preparations

Screening of possibly anthrax-contaminated burial sites in eastern and southern Ukraine

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