Variability in innate host immune responses to cryptococcosis

Garelnabi, Mariam; May, Robin C.

doi:10.1590/0074-02760180060

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Inflammatory cell recruitment is essential for early control of C. neoformans infection (114,197,198). Neutrophils and dendritic cells have both been extensively studied and shown to play positive roles in the early host defense, while monocytes and eosinophils have been reported to play controversial or negative roles during infection with C. neoformans.…”

Section: Recruited Innate Immunity To C Neoformansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

2020

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Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.

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Section: Recruited Innate Immunity To C Neoformansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

2020

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“…Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by fungal species of the genera Cryptococcus, C. neoformans and C. gattii. They are globally distributed, although C. gattii is generally seen as a tropical or subtropical fungus [1,48,166]. Cryptococcosis affects immunocompromised individuals, causing severe lung disease and meningoencephalitis, with C. gattii particularly capable of infecting immunocompetent hosts [6,27].…”

Section: Cryptococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion

et al. 2022

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Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, both environmental fungi that cause severe pneumonia and may even lead to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Although C. neoformans affects more fragile individuals, such as immunocompromised hosts through opportunistic infections, C. gattii causes a serious indiscriminate primary infection in immunocompetent individuals. Typically seen in tropical and subtropical environments, C. gattii has increased its endemic area over recent years, largely due to climatic factors that favor contagion in warmer climates. It is important to point out that not only C. gattii, but the Cryptococcus species complex produces a polysaccharidic capsule with immunomodulatory properties, enabling the pathogenic species of Cryptococccus to subvert the host immune response during the establishment of cryptococcosis, facilitating its dissemination in the infected organism. C. gattii causes a more severe and difficult-to-treat infection, with few antifungals eliciting an effective response during chronic treatment. Much of the immunopathology of this cryptococcosis is still poorly understood, with most studies focusing on cryptococcosis caused by the species C. neoformans. C. gattii became more important in the epidemiological scenario with the outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, which resulted in phylogenetic studies of the virulent variant responsible for the severe infection in the region. Since then, the study of cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has helped researchers understand the immunopathological aspects of different variants of this pathogen.

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“…Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by the fungal species Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii . Both are globally distributed, although C. gattii is generally seen as a tropical or subtropical fungus 1 – 3 . Cryptococcosis affects mostly immunocompromised individuals causing severe lung disease and meningoencephalitis, with C. gattii being able to infect immunocompetent hosts 4 , 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice exhibit high susceptibility to Cryptococcus gattii infection

Diniz-Lima

Rosa

Silva-Junior

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. It starts as a pulmonary infection that can spread to other organs, such as the brain, leading to the most serious occurrence of the disease, meningoencephalitis. The humoral response has already been described in limiting the progression of cryptococcosis where the B-1 cell seems to be responsible for producing natural IgM antibodies, crucial for combating fungal infections. The role of the B-1 cell in C. neoformans infection has been initially described, however the role of the humoral response of B-1 cells has not yet been evaluated during C. gattii infections. In the present study we tried to unravel this issue using XID mice, a murine model deficient in the Btk protein which compromises the development of B-1 lymphocytes. We use the XID mice compared to BALB/c mice that are sufficient for the B-1 population during C. gattii infection. Our model of chronic lung infection revealed that XID mice, unlike the sufficient group of B-1, had early mortality with significant weight loss, in addition to reduced levels of IgM and IgG specific to GXM isolated from the capsule of C. neoformans. In addition to this, we observed an increased fungal load in the blood and in the brain. We described an increase in the capsular size of C. gattii and the predominant presence of cytokines with a Th2 profile was also observed in these animals. Thus, the present study strongly points to a higher susceptibility of the XID mouse to C. gattii, which suggests that the presence of B-1 cells and anti-GXM antibodies is fundamental during the control of infection by C. gattii.

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Variability in innate host immune responses to cryptococcosis

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection

Cryptococcus: History, Epidemiology and Immune Evasion

X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice exhibit high susceptibility to Cryptococcus gattii infection

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