Genetic evidence of enzootic leishmaniasis in a stray canine and Texas mouse from sites in west and central Texas

Kipp, Evan J.; Mariscal, Jacqueline Alyssa; Armijos, Rodrigo X.; Weigel, M. Margaret; Waldrup, Kenneth A.

doi:10.1590/0074-02760160225

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the United States, leishmaniasis has also been documented in domesticated cats and dogs ( Table 1). [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Leishmania species are classified as Old World or New World depending on the geographic region in which they primarily occur. Leishmania speciation helps to define the clinical subtype of disease (eTable in the Supplement) 1,11,13 and, therefore, expected severity, prognosis, and required treatment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Incidence of Endemic Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the United States

2018

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IMPORTANCE Leishmaniasis is recognized as an endemic human disease in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. Yet despite case reports of endemic human leishmaniasis in the United States, and well-documented occurrences of disease in various animal vectors and reservoirs, the endemicity of leishmaniasis in North America has not yet been established. Moreover, leishmaniasis is not a federally reportable disease in the United States. Clinical awareness of endemic disease therefore remains low, with North American physicians considering leishmaniasis a tropical disease. OBJECTIVE To assess the endemicity of human leishmaniasis in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional multicenter observational study reviewed cases of human leishmaniasis occurring in the United States from 2007 through 2017. Previously diagnosed, deidentified cases of leishmaniasis were reported by the institutions of the authors and acknowledged contributors, as well as the Texas Department of State Health Services. Cases of leishmaniasis were identified by searching by disease name (leishmaniasis) or International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revisions diagnosis codes in the respective laboratory information systems. EXPOSURES Via examination of deidentified demographics, cases of leishmaniasis were classified as one of the following: (1) documentation of no history of travel outside of the United States within 10 years; (2) positive history of travel outside of the United States within 10 years; or (3) unknown or no documentation of travel history. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cases of leishmaniasis were considered endemic if identified in patients with documentation of no travel history outside of the United States within 10 years. RESULTS Of the 69 novel cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis identified in this study, 41 (59%) were endemic; the median age at diagnosis was 61 years (range, 3-89 years), and 28 (68%) of the endemic cases occurred in female patients. Twenty-two (32%) cases had documentation of Leishmania speciation performed by polymerase chain reaction, and in 100% of these cases the infectious organism was identified as Leishmania mexicana. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Human cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in the United States, and, at least regionally, is acquired endemically more frequently than it is via travel. Our data argue in favor of making leishmaniasis a federally reportable disease and may have substantial implications on North American public health initiatives, with climate models predicting the number of citizens exposed to leishmaniasis will double by 2080.

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confidence: 99%

Incidence of Endemic Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the United States

2018

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“…In rodents, eleven species were infected in ten different surveys, with Handleyomis (sin. Oryzomis) melanotis, Ototylomis phyllotis, Peromyscus yucatanicus and Sigmodon hispidus being the species with the higher levels of infection (100% in at least one study), which may indicate their role as reservoirs of the disease [33,58,[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. Within the order Didelphimorphia, the Mexican mouse opossum (Marmosa mexicana) [71] and the northern anteater [79] were found to be infected in Mexico employing PCR.…”

Section: Wild Animals Infected With Leishmania Mexicanamentioning

confidence: 98%

A Systematic Review (1990–2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania

2021

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Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of Leishmania that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic Leishmania species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were included. One hundred and eighty-nine species from ten orders (i.e., Carnivora, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Lagomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia) were reported to be infected, and a few animals were classified only at the genus level. An exhaustive list of species; diagnostic techniques, including PCR targets; infected organs; number of animals explored and percentage of positives are presented. L. infantum infection was described in 98 wild species and L. (Viania) spp. in 52 wild animals, while L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. major and L. tropica were described in fewer than 32 animals each. During the last decade, intense research revealed new hosts within Chiroptera and Lagomorpha. Carnivores and rodents were the most relevant hosts for L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp., with some species showing lesions, although in most of the studies clinical signs were not reported.

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“…A 2010 survey on the distribution of sand flies in Kentucky recorded the presence of L. shannoni in the area, indicating a northward expansion of its habitat towards the central US [8]. Similarly, the range of Leishmania has also expanded throughout regions of Texas, where it is now considered endemic [9,10]. Cases of leishmaniasis have also been reported in the states of Oklahoma [11] and North Dakota [12].…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America

Merchant

Tian

Shi

et al. 2018

Insects

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Phlebotomus papatasi, an Old World sand fly species, is primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. International travel, especially military rotations, between domestic locations and P. papatasi-prevalent regions in the Middle East poses an imminent threat to the public health of US citizens. Because of its small size and cryptic morphology, identification of P. papatasi is challenging and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting P. papatasi genomic DNA from mixed samples containing multiple sand flies native to the Americas. Serial dilution of P. papatasi samples demonstrated that this diagnostic assay could detect one P. papatasi from up to 255 non-target sand flies. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, this rapid identification tool is suited for a long-term surveillance program to screen for the presence of P. papatasi in the continental United States and to reveal geographical regions potentially vulnerable to sand fly-borne diseases.

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Genetic evidence of enzootic leishmaniasis in a stray canine and Texas mouse from sites in west and central Texas

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Incidence of Endemic Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the United States

Incidence of Endemic Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the United States

A Systematic Review (1990–2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania

Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America

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