Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralisenteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice

Abstract

Trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. We aimed to assess the effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) and, for the first time, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) against enteral and encysted (parenteral) phases of Trichinella spiralis in mice compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (79.6%, 71.3%), respectively. Administration of 50 mg/kg of albendazole resulted in adult and larvae reduction (94.2%, 90.9%). Positive immunostaining of inflammatory cells infiltrating intestinal mucosa and submucosa of all treated groups was detected. Myrrh-treated mice showed the highest iNOS expression followed by albendazole, then thyme. On the other hand, both myrrh and thyme-treated groups showed stronger iNOS expression of inflammatory cells infiltrating and surrounding encapsulated T. spiralis larvae than albendazole treated group. In conclusion, myrrh and thyme extracts are highly effective against both phases of T. spiralis and showed strong iNOS expressions, especially myrrh which could be a promising alternative drug. This experiment provides a basis for further exploration of this plant by isolation and retesting the active principles of both extracts against different stages of T. spiralis.

The Curative Effect of Zingiber Officinale and Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Extracts on Experimental Trichinella Spiralis Infection

“…Albendazole and prednisolone treated group exhibited a lower e cacy on T. spiralis larvae than that on adults (90.6% vs 93.5%) due to the low bioavailability and water solubility after oral administration (Caner et al 2008). Our ndings are in accordance with Attia et al (2015) and Shalaby et al (2010), who recorded reduction in adult count, nevertheless, the larval reduction rate was 26.4%, also, Shoheib et al (2006) recorded decreased effectiveness of albendazole against the encysted larvae with a reduction rate of 65.2%. Interestingly, Zingiber o cinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts displayed a higher parasiticidal effect against larvae compared with their effect on adults.…”

“…Albendazole was used as Alzental suspension (EIPICO), 20 mg/ml. Each mouse received a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 3 consecutive days starting from the 3 rd day post infection according to Attia et al (2015). Prednisolone was available as Predsol suspension, 5 mg/ml.…”

Trichomonas vaginalis exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice

“…For example, Moreira et al. (2016), determined high levels of NO during leishmaniasis, whereas an increase in NO synthase expression was observed in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, an extracellular parasite. A Tv lysate induced NO and high expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in human monocyte‐derived macrophages as well .…”

Antiparasitic Activity of Myrrh Crude Extract and Myrrh Volatile Oil Compared to Albendazole Against Trichinella Spiralis Muscular Larvae in Vitro

“…There were many studies on myrrh oleoresin as antimicrobial agent (Romero et al, 2005;Rahman and Gibbons, 2007;Alzahrani et al, 2011;Kuete et al, 2012), anti-parasitosis as antifascioliasis (Soliman et al, 2004;Abo-Madyan et al, 2004), anti-monieziasis expansa (Haridy et al, 2004), anti-heterophyiasis (Massoud et al, 2007), and anti-cryptosporidiosis (Abou-el-Nour et al, 2016). Besides, Attia et al (2015) reported strong efficacy of myrrh extract against both phases of T. spiralis when used in experimentally infected mice.…”