Malaria and fish farming in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis

Alves, Mário Ribeiro; Codeço, Cláudia Torres; Peiter, Paulo Cesar; Souza-Santos, Reinaldo

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0419-2019

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Areas with fish farms must follow adequate policies to support this economic activity, and this policy must comprise the entire process, from the fish-pond concession through maintenance training, as well as the final product destination. This will avoid fish-pond abandonment by owners who are unaware of the malaria-related risks and who are often unable to afford maintenance costs, which is common in the region [38] (personal communication). This is especially true concerning areas close to the forest fringe, as recent settlements have been established and higher active case monitoring is required to improve the opportunity concerning diagnoses and treatment responses, which can, in turn, reduce malaria transmission in these areas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the contribution of human mobility to malaria persistence

Gomes

Codeço

Bastos

2020

Malar J

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Background To achieve malaria elimination, it is important to determine the role of human mobility in parasite transmission maintenance. The Alto Juruá basin (Brazil) exhibits one of the largest vivax and falciparum malaria prevalence in the Amazon. The goal of this study was to estimate the contribution of human commutes to malaria persistence in this region, using data from an origin-destination survey. Methods Data from an origin-destination survey were used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutations between rural and urban areas in two Alto Juruá basin (Brazil) municipalities, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relative time-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic model was developed to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of contracting malaria for a certain residence zone inhabitant commuting to another zone. Results The main results suggest that the assessed population is not very mobile. A total of $$96\%$$ 96 % households reported spending over $$90\%$$ 90 % of their annual person-hour in areas within the same residence zone. Study and work were the most prevalent commuting motivations, calculated at $$40.5\%$$ 40.5 % and $$29.5\%$$ 29.5 % respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to urban Mâncio Lima residents. The opposite effect was observed for those spending time in rural areas of both municipalities. Conclusion Residence area is a stronger determinant for contracting malaria than commuting zones in the Alto Juruá region. As these municipalities are a hotspot for Plasmodium transmission, understanding the main local human fluxes is essential for planning control strategies, since the probability of contracting malaria is dependent on the transmission intensity of both the origin and the displacement area. The natural conditions for the circulation of certain pathogens, such as Plasmodium spp., combined with the Amazon human mobility pattern indicate the need for disease control perspective changes. Therefore, intersectoral public policies should become the basis for health mitigation actions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the contribution of human mobility to malaria persistence

Gomes

Codeço

Bastos

2020

Malar J

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“…This policy must contemplate the entire process, from the concession of the fish pond, through training for maintenance, as well as the final destination of the product. Thus, it avoids the abandonment of the fish ponds by those owners who are unaware of the risks related to malaria and who are often unable to afford maintenance costs, which is common in the region [30] and (personal communication). Especially to places close of forest fringe, most of them are recent settlements, should have more active case monitoring to improve the opportunity of response on diagnoses and treatment, what can reduce the malaria transmission in those places.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence

MFdC¹,

Ct²,

Bastos³

et al. 2020

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Abstract Background: Human mobility is an important determinant of malaria distribution and can explain different patterns of (re)introduction, circulation and persistence of malaria. In order to understand the association between human mobility patterns and the probability of getting malaria, this study revisited a household survey conducted in 2015 in Alto Juruá region, Acre state, Brazil. This region registers one the greatest malaria burden in Brazil. The goal of this work is to estimate the contribution of human commutation to the persistence of malaria. Methods: Data from the origin-destination survey was used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutation between rural settlements and urban areas in two municipalities, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relative time-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic regression model was fitted to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of getting malaria for a householder from a zone of residence commuting to another zone. Results: Our main results suggests that this population is not very mobile. $96\%$ of households reported spending more than $90\%$ of their yearly person-hour at localities within the same zone. Study and work are the most prevalent motivation to displace, $40.5\%$ and $29.5\%$ respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to the residents of urban Mâncio Lima. On the other hand, spending time in rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, but not significant in rural Mâncio Lima. For urban Rodrigues Alves residents, spending time in urban and rural Mâncio Lima and rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, more so if going to the latter. Conclusion: The results suggests that the place one lives is a stronger determinant of the probability of getting malaria in Alto Juruá region and this can be a natural consequence of the low mobility and the local environment. The heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Brazil highlights the importance of microregion-targeted intervention since their risk signature within each municipality is quite different, despite being direct geographical neighbors. In addition, it is essential that intersectoral public policies be the basis for health mitigation actions.

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“…The results did not show a clear driver of malaria increase in Acre, however previous studies indicated fish farming in the last decade had provided environmental advantages to Anopheles mosquitoes construction in Acre. Priority should be given to health attention, and Acre also has experienced an increase in economic activities in periphery zones boosting malaria transmission [ 6 , 8 , 34 ]. A previous study found a positive relation between deforestation and malaria incidence at this state in contrast to the non-positive effect with this variable after 2015, suggesting a similar deforestation effect from previous years [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On multifactorial drivers for malaria rebound in Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis

Ayala

Bastos

Villela

2022

Malar J

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Background Malaria incidence in Brazil reversed its decreasing trend when cases from recent years, as recent as 2015, exhibited an increase in the Brazilian Amazon basin, the area with the highest transmission of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. In fact, an increase of more than 20% in the years 2016 and 2017 revealed possible vulnerabilities in the national malaria-control programme. Methods Factors potentially associated with this reversal, including migration, economic activities, and deforestation, were studied. Past incidences of malaria cases due to P. vivax and P. falciparum were analysed with a spatio-temporal Bayesian model using more than 5 million individual records of malaria cases from January of 2003 to December of 2018 in the Brazilian Amazon to establish the municipalities with unexpected increases in cases. Results Plasmodium vivax incidence surpassed the past trends in Amazonas (AM), Amapá (AP), Acre (AC), Pará (PA), Roraima (RR), and Rondônia (RO), implying a rebound of these states between 2015 and 2018. On the other hand, P. falciparum also surpassed the past trends in AM, AC, AP, and RR with less severity than P. vivax incidence. Outdoor activities, agricultural activities, accumulated deforestation, and travelling might explain the rebound in malaria cases in RR, AM, PA, and RO, mainly in P. vivax cases. These variables, however, did not explain the rebound of either P. vivax and P. falciparum cases in AC and AP states or P. falciparum cases in RR and RO states. Conclusion The Amazon basin has experienced an unexpected increase in malaria cases, mainly in P. vivax cases, in some regions of the states of Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia from 2015 to 2018 and agricultural activities, outdoor activities, travelling activities, and accumulated deforestation appear linked to this rebound of cases in particular regions with different impact. This shows the multifactorial effects and the heterogeneity of the Amazon basin, boosting the necessity of focusing the malaria control programme on particular social, economic, and environmental conditions.

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Malaria and fish farming in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Measuring the contribution of human mobility to malaria persistence

Measuring the contribution of human mobility to malaria persistence

Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence

On multifactorial drivers for malaria rebound in Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis

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