Plasmodium vivax malaria across South America: management guidelines and their quality assessment

Rodríguez, José Alejandro Iza; Rodríguez, Shirley Natali Iza; Olivera, Mario Javier

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0179-2020

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Indeed, the presence of the "AAG" lysine insert in exon I of pvcrt-o (referred as the "K10 insert") has been associated with a significant reduction in the IC50 of CQ [18]. In our analysis, it was possible to identify the K10 insertion in 15 samples (14%) distributed among the states of Acre (7), Amazonas (5), Pará (1) and Roraima (2). This SNP was also reported in studies from French Guiana (57%) [38], China (32%) [39] and, to a lesser extent, India (5.6%) [40], Pakistan (16%) [41] and Thailand (18%) [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…1 The bold character represents a non-synonymous mutation detected. 2 NT: total number of samples investigated.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Polymorphisms In the Pvmdr1 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the World Malaria Report from the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 247 million new cases and 619 thousand malaria-related deaths in 2021 [1]. Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed species causing most malaria cases in Asia and South America [2,3]. Since 2007, Brazil has observed a stable incidence rate of malaria cases, with P. vivax accounting for about 80% of cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 Gene Mutations Associated with Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites?

Abreu-Fernandes,

Almeida-de-Oliveira,

de Lavigne Mello

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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(1) Background: Malaria remains a significant global public health issue. Since parasites quickly became resistant to most of the available antimalarial drugs, treatment effectiveness must be constantly monitored. In Brazil, up to 10% of cases of vivax malaria resistant to chloroquine (CQ) have been registered. Unlike P. falciparum, there are no definitive molecular markers for the chemoresistance of P. vivax to CQ. This work aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms in the pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 genes could be used as markers for assessing its resistance to CQ. (2) Methods: A total of 130 samples from P. vivax malaria cases with no clinical and/or parasitological evidence of CQ resistance were studied through polymerase chain reaction for gene amplification followed by target DNA sequencing. (3) Results: In the pvcrt-o exons, the K10 insert was present in 14% of the isolates. Regarding pvmdr1, T958M and F1076L haplotypes showed frequencies of 95% and 3%, respectively, while the SNP Y976F was not detected. (4) Conclusions: Since K10-pvcrt-o and F1076L/T958M-pvmdr1 polymorphisms were detected in samples from patients who responded well to CQ treatment, it can be concluded that mutations in these genes do not seem to have a potential for association with the phenotype of CQ resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…1 The bold character represents a non-synonymous mutation detected. 2 NT: total number of samples investigated.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Polymorphisms In the Pvmdr1 Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 Gene Mutations Associated with Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites?

Abreu-Fernandes,

Almeida-de-Oliveira,

de Lavigne Mello

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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“…This is an opportunity to prioritize these areas to implement strategies to start eliminating transmission of this parasite in Colombia [54]. On the other hand, municipalities with P. vivax transmission are distributed throughout ecoepidemiological regions, and the elimination of this parasite species represents a challenge to malaria elimination due to the presence of mature gametocytes at an early stage of infection, resulting in greater transmissibility and relapse by the activation of dormant hypnozoites [55][56][57][58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria risk stratification in Colombia 2010 to 2019

et al. 2021

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Background Heterogeneity and focalization are the most common epidemiological characteristics of endemic countries in the Americas, where malaria transmission is moderate and low. During malaria elimination, the first step is to perform a risk stratification exercise to prioritize interventions. This study aimed to identify malaria risk strata in the ecoepidemiological regions of Colombia. Methods This was a descriptive and retrospective study using cumulative malaria cases in 1,122 municipalities of Colombia from 2010 to 2019. To identify the strata, the criteria proposed by PAHO were adapted. To classify the receptive areas (strata 2, 3, and 4) and nonreceptive areas (stratum 1), 1,600 m above sea level, ecotypes, main malaria vector presence, Plasmodium species prevalence and occurrence of malaria cases were used. The area occupied by the receptive municipalities, the cumulative burden, and the at-risk population in the regions were calculated. Results Ninety-one percent of the Colombian territory is receptive to the transmission of malaria and includes 749 municipalities with 9,734,271 (9,514,243–9,954,299) million at-risk inhabitants. Stratum 4 accounted for 96.7% of the malaria burden, and cases were concentrated primarily in the Pacific and Uraba-Bajo Cauca-Sinu-San Jorge regions. Plasmodium vivax predominates in most of the receptive municipalities, except in the municipalities of the Pacific region, where P. falciparum predominates. Anopheles albimanus, An. nuneztovari s.l., and An. darlingi were the main vectors in receptive areas. Conclusions In Colombia, 91.2% of the territory is receptive to the transmission of malaria and is characterized by being both heterogeneous and focused. Stratum 4 contains the greatest burden of disease, with a relatively greater proportion of municipalities with a predominance of P. vivax. However, there is a low proportion of municipalities with P. falciparum mainly in the Pacific region. These findings suggest that the latter be prioritized within the malaria elimination plan in Colombia.

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“…P. vivax is assumed to be the cause of 8% of estimated malaria cases globally (approximately 50% when sub-Saharan Africa is omitted), with three countries (Ethiopia, India, and Pakistan) accounting for 80% of cases [ 166 ]. P. vivax , as opposed to P. falciparum , is the primary cause of malaria in the Americas [ 164 ]. Despite the fact that P. vivax is an uncommon species in Africa, where P. falciparum predominates, it is coendemic with P. falciparum in Ethiopia, where case incidence rates are roughly equal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

Habtamu

Petros

Yan

2022

Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines

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Initiatives to eradicate malaria have a good impact on P. falciparum malaria worldwide. P. vivax, however, still presents significant difficulties. This is due to its unique biological traits, which, in comparison to P. falciparum, pose serious challenges for malaria elimination approaches. P. vivax's numerous distinctive characteristics and its ability to live for weeks to years in liver cells in its hypnozoite form, which may elude the human immune system and blood-stage therapy and offer protection during mosquito-free seasons. Many malaria patients are not fully treated because of contraindications to primaquine use in pregnant and nursing women and are still vulnerable to P. vivax relapses, although there are medications that could radical cure P. vivax. Additionally, due to CYP2D6's highly variable genetic polymorphism, the pharmacokinetics of primaquine may be impacted. Due to their inability to metabolize PQ, some CYP2D6 polymorphism alleles can cause patients to not respond to treatment. Tafenoquine offers a radical treatment in a single dose that overcomes the potentially serious problem of poor adherence to daily primaquine. Despite this benefit, hemolysis of the early erythrocytes continues in individuals with G6PD deficiency until all susceptible cells have been eliminated. Field techniques such as microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) miss the large number of submicroscopic and/or asymptomatic infections brought on by reticulocyte tropism and the low parasitemia levels that accompany it. Moreover, P. vivax gametocytes grow more quickly and are much more prevalent in the bloodstream. P. vivax populations also have a great deal of genetic variation throughout their genome, which ensures evolutionary fitness and boosts adaptation potential. Furthermore, P. vivax fully develops in the mosquito faster than P. falciparum. These characteristics contribute to parasite reservoirs in the human population and facilitate faster transmission. Overall, no genuine chance of eradication is predicted in the next few years unless new tools for lowering malaria transmission are developed (i.e., malaria elimination and eradication). The challenging characteristics of P. vivax that impede the elimination and eradication of malaria are thus discussed in this article.

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Plasmodium vivax malaria across South America: management guidelines and their quality assessment

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Are pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 Gene Mutations Associated with Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites?

Are pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 Gene Mutations Associated with Plasmodium vivax Chloroquine-Resistant Parasites?

Malaria risk stratification in Colombia 2010 to 2019

Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication

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