Gnathostomiasis acquired after consumption of raw freshwater fish in the Amazon region: a report of two cases in Brazil

Haddad, Vidal; Oliveira, Ísis Fiorello de; Bicudo, Natália Parenti; Marques, Mariângela Esther Alencar

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0127-2020

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Subsequently, its usefulness (400-800 mg daily for 21 days) was confirmed with 93.9-94.1% CR in 100 gnathostomiasis patients in Thailand [133]. Similar results were reported either using albendazole alone (the same regimen) or ivermectin alone (0.2 mg/kg single or double doses) [134][135][136][137]. Chai et al [138] used albendazole (1,200 mg daily for 21 days) in combination with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg single doe) in 38 Korean patients who immigrated to Myanmar with satisfactory results.…”

Section: Gnathostomiasismentioning

confidence: 57%

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update

2021

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The use of albendazole and mebendazole, i.e., benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, in treatment of parasitic infections, as well as cancers, is briefly reviewed. These drugs are known to block the microtubule systems of parasites and mammalian cells leading to inhibition of glucose uptake and transport and finally cell death. Eventually they exhibit ovicidal, larvicidal, and vermicidal effects on parasites, and tumoricidal effects on hosts. Albendazole and mebendazole are most frequently prescribed for treatment of intestinal nematode infections (ascariasis, hookworm infections, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and enterobiasis) and can also be used for intestinal tapeworm infections (taeniases and hymenolepiasis). However, these drugs also exhibit considerable therapeutic effects against tissue nematode/cestode infections (visceral, ocular, neural, and cutaneous larva migrans, anisakiasis, trichinosis, hepatic and intestinal capillariasis, angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, gongylonemiasis, thelaziasis, dracunculiasis, cerebral and subcutaneous cysticercosis, and echinococcosis). Albendazole is also used for treatment of filarial infections (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonellosis, and dirofilariasis) alone or in combination with other drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole was tried even for treatment of trematode (fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and intestinal fluke infections) and protozoan infections (giardiasis, vaginal trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and microsporidiosis). These drugs are generally safe with few side effects; however, when they are used for prolonged time (>14-28 days) or even only 1 time, liver toxicity and other side reactions may occur. In hookworms, Trichuris trichiura, possibly Ascaris lumbricoides, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Giardia sp., there are emerging issues of drug resistance. It is of particular note that albendazole and mebendazole have been repositioned as promising anti-cancer drugs. These drugs have been shown to be active in vitro and in vivo (animals) against liver, lung, ovary, prostate, colorectal, breast, head and neck cancers, and melanoma. Two clinical reports for albendazole and 2 case reports for mebendazole have revealed promising effects of these drugs in human patients having variable types of cancers. However, because of the toxicity of albendazole, for example, neutropenia due to myelosuppression, if high doses are used for a prolonged time, mebendazole is currently more popularly used than albendazole in anti-cancer clinical trials.

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Section: Gnathostomiasismentioning

confidence: 57%

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update

2021

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“…Some studies (Albuquerque et al, 2021;Alcala-Orozco et al, 2020;da Silva-Costa et al, 2022;Lima et al, 2015;Silva et al, 2019) in fish from Amazonian environments, including in specimens consumed by indigenous communities (Vasconcellos et al, 2021), point to the detection of worrying levels of these metals in species of commercial interest. Human contamination by fish gains importance when considering the preference of Amazonians for this protein source, to the detriment of others (Barreto-Sa et al, 2019;Haddad-Junior et al, 2021;Lino et al, 2018;Lopes et al, 2016). The present study is the pioneer in describing Eustrongylides sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Mercury concentration in larvae of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) from fish of the Brazilian Amazon

Corrêa,

Mota Atayde,

Ferreira Sarrazin

et al. 2023

Rev. Biol. Trop.

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Introduction: Chemical pollution represents a great concern to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Metals enter the aquatic environment from a variety of sources, including natural biogeochemical cycles and anthropogenic sources such as industrial and residential effluents, mining and atmospheric sources. Objective: To describe the Eustrongylides sp. larvae and the interaction with their fish hosts as indicators of mercury (Hg) contamination in the Brazilian Amazon, and the distribution of Hg in the internal organs of fish species Hoplias malabaricus and Pygocentrus nattereri collected in oxbow lakes on the Tapajós River, in the municipality of Santarém, in the state of Pará. Methods: Total Hg was analyzed using the Direct Hg Analyzer - DMA-80. Concentrations of Hg in Eustrongylides sp. were compared with those found in the tissues/organs of the hosts H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. Hg concentrations in the host/parasite system were statistically compared using Principal Component Analysis. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated to assess the bioaccumulation capacity of metals in Eustrongylides sp. larvae, comparing the concentration of Hg in the parasite with that accumulated in the musculature of infected hosts. Results: Hg concentrations in all tissues/organs analyzed were higher in the parasitic species Eustrongylides sp. larvae when compared with those found in tissues/organs of H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. There was an inversely proportional relationship, showing that when Eustrongylides sp. larvae are present, the concentration in the parasite is higher than in the musculature of host fish H. malabaricus and P. nattereri. The BCF of Hg was found by comparing Eustrongylides sp. larvae/H. malabaricus muscle and was observed during a flood (BCF Hg = 15 364). Conclusions: The results confirm the greater bioaccumulative capacity of Eustrongylides sp. compared to its host. The data indicated the viability of using Eustrongylides sp. larvae in biomonitoring programs. It is worth mentioning that fish samples for Hg analysis must be free of parasites since their presence can alter the results.

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“…Since 2012, only five autochthonous human infections involving skin 3 , 5 or eye 6 lesions have been reported in Brazil. The present report on EoM caused by gnathostomiasis autochthonous to the Brazilian Amazon region serves to raise the awareness of physicians and health authorities regarding this health risk among the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gnathostoma infection after ingestion of raw fish is a probable cause of eosinophilic meningitis in the Brazilian Amazon

Graeff-Teixeira,

Pauli,

Zicarelli

et al. 2024

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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We report a case of eosinophilic meningitis associated with the ingestion of raw fish ( Cichla sp.) from the Brazilian Amazon, likely caused by Gnathostoma . A 36-year-old male visited Juruena river on a fishing trip. After 50 days, the patient presented with an intense frontal headache. A cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed 63% eosinophilia. Another individual who ingested raw fish developed linear dermatitis on the abdominal wall. Anti- Gnathostoma serum antibodies were detected, and the patient made a full recovery after treatment with corticosteroids and albendazole. To date, autochthonous Gnathostoma spp. infections in Latin American countries have only caused linear panniculitis. This report raises awareness of gnathostomiasis-causing meningitis.

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Gnathostomiasis acquired after consumption of raw freshwater fish in the Amazon region: a report of two cases in Brazil

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update

Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update

Mercury concentration in larvae of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) from fish of the Brazilian Amazon

Gnathostoma infection after ingestion of raw fish is a probable cause of eosinophilic meningitis in the Brazilian Amazon

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