Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

Fregonesi, Brisa Maria; Suzuki, Meire Nikaido; Machado, Carolina Sampaio; Tonani, Karina Aparecida de Abreu; Fernandes, Ana Paula; Monroe, Aline Aparecida; Cervi, Maria Célia

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0119-2015

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…27,38 The current study also revealed that children who had a viral load >1,000 copies/mL were 1.8-times more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites (AOR=1.80; 95% CI=1.67-4.19; P=0.01). Despite the absence of a significant association, this is in agreement with the study conducted by Fregonesi et al, 39 which suggested that a high percentage of parasite-infected children were observed among children with high viral loads. It has been documented that high viral replication may deteriorate the immune function and thereby accelerate susceptibility to IPI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Factors Among HAART Initiated Children Attending at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Bayleyegn

Woldu

Yalew

et al. 2021

HIV

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and intestinal parasites co-infections are the most common causes of clinical illness and death, especially for children living in resource constrained setting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasites among highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) initiated children. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 HAART initiated HIV-infected children at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January to April 2020. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire via a face-to-face interview. Clinical data of the children were collected by reviewing the medical records. Venous blood was collected for complete blood counts, viral load determination, and blood film examination. Flotation concentration technique was done in addition to direct wet mount for parasitological examination. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analysis were used to check the presence of significant association, and P-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection (IPI) among the study participants was 22.4% (95% CI=17-28%). The presence of opportunistic infection (AOR=2.09 95% CI=1.81-5.43), no eating under-cooked animal products (AOR=0.38 95% CI=0.16-0.94), male sex (AOR=0.45 95% CI=0.22-0.90), viral load rate >1,000 copies/mL (AOR=1.80 95% CI=1.67-4.19), and cytopenia (AOR=2.71 95% CI=1.59-12.25) showed significant association with the prevalence of IPI. Conclusion: Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides were the most prevalent intestinal parasites among HAART initiated children. Among HAART initiated children, IPI were associated with gender, cytopenia, viral load, undercooked animal products, and the presence of opportunistic infections. Therefore, health education, prompt treatment, and regular deworming should be implemented to alleviate the burden of intestinal parasites in HIV-infected children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Factors Among HAART Initiated Children Attending at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Bayleyegn

Woldu

Yalew

et al. 2021

HIV

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“…This protozoan has also emerged as a global opportunistic threat causing severe diarrhea (Ahmadpour et al, 2020). Cryptosporidium infection is common among HIV/AIDS patients (prevalence of 8,69%) worsening the protozoan infection associated symptoms causing severe diarrhea and eventually death because of low CD4+ T-cells counts (Wang et al, 2013;Fregonesi et al, 2015;Hailu et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2018). As a consequence of such co-infection and severe disease (Fregonesi et al, 2015;Alemu et al, 2018) parasitemia as high as 90% was observed (Ojurongbe et al, 2011).…”

Section: The Epidemiology Of Protozoan Parasite-viral Co-infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens

Akoolo

Rocha²,

Parveen³

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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A wide range of protozoan pathogens either transmitted by vectors (Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania and Trypanosoma), by contaminated food or water (Entamoeba and Giardia), or by sexual contact (Trichomonas) invade various organs in the body and cause prominent human diseases, such as malaria, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, diarrhea, and trichomoniasis. Humans are frequently exposed to multiple pathogens simultaneously, or sequentially in the high-incidence regions to result in co-infections. Consequently, synergistic or antagonistic pathogenic effects could occur between microbes that also influences overall host responses and severity of diseases. The co-infecting organisms can also follow independent trajectory. In either case, co-infections change host and pathogen metabolic microenvironments, compromise the host immune status, and affect microbial pathogenicity to influence tissue colonization. Immunomodulation by protozoa often adversely affects cellular and humoral immune responses against co-infecting bacterial pathogens and promotes bacterial persistence, and result in more severe disease symptoms. Although co-infections by protozoa and viruses also occur in humans, extensive studies are not yet conducted probably because of limited animal model systems available that can be used for both groups of pathogens. Immunosuppressive effects of protozoan infections can also attenuate vaccines efficacy, weaken immunological memory development, and thus attenuate protection against co-infecting pathogens. Due to increasing occurrence of parasitic infections, roles of acute to chronic protozoan infection on immunological changes need extensive investigations to improve understanding of the mechanistic details of specific immune responses alteration. In fact, this phenomenon should be seriously considered as one cause of breakthrough infections after vaccination against both bacterial and viral pathogens, and for the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains. Such studies would facilitate development and implementation of effective vaccination and treatment regimens to prevent or significantly reduce breakthrough infections.

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“…Neste estudo foi detectado o acesso de bovinos no entorno do reservatório, fato que explicita a relevância quanto à avaliação da contaminação da água com microrganismos existentes em excreções oriundas desses animais. Fregonesi et al (2015) ressaltam que, dentre esses microrganismos, somente a Escherichia coli é de origem exclusivamente fecal, estando sempre presente, em densidades elevadas, nas fezes de humanos, mamíferos e pássaros, e raramente encontrada na água ou solo que não tenham recebido esse tipo de contaminação. Desse modo, os coliformes fecais são utilizados como padrão da qualidade microbiológica de águas superficiais destinadas ao abastecimento, recreação, irrigação e piscicultura (CETESB, 2009).…”

Section: Figura 1 íNdice De Estado Trófico Nas Estações Amostrais Dounclassified

Avaliação do Índice de Estado Trófico e parâmetros de qualidade da água no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Sá Carvalho, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Queiroz

Queiroz²,

Queiroz

et al. 2019

S&G

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O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do uso do solo na qualidade da água do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Sá Carvalho (UHE–Sá Carvalho), município de Antônio Dias, Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Piracicaba (BHRP), Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram utilizados dados secundários provenientes dos relatórios do Laboratório de Pesquisa Ambiental da Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (CEMIG), de período seco (agosto) e chuvoso (novembro). Nesse contexto, foram selecionados pontos para as coletas das amostras de água do reservatório que representavam diferentes condições em relação à profundidade, sendo mensurados parâmetros físico-químicos: temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, pH, nitrogênio total, fósforo total, turbidez e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Os resultados mostraram variação sazonal, sendo detectada a relevância da bacia de contribuição. Além disso, evidenciaram diferenças significativas em pontos de coleta mais próximos ao topo do reservatório em comparação aos localizados no fundo do reservatório. As variáveis ambientais apresentaram significativas oscilações, com destaque para a turbidez que variou entre 88,6 NTU e 3,6 NTU nas estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. O reservatório exibiu boas condições quanto aos teores de oxigênio dissolvido durante todo o período das amostragens, sendo mensurado o valor mínimo correspondente a 7,6 mg/LO2 na estação seca e 4,4 mg/LO2 na estação chuvosa. Finaliza-se essa abordagem sugerindo intensificação dos programas conservacionistas no reservatório e na bacia de contribuição.

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Emergent and re-emergent parasites in HIV-infected children: immunological and socio-environmental conditions that are involved in the transmission of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Factors Among HAART Initiated Children Attending at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Associated Factors Among HAART Initiated Children Attending at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens

Avaliação do Índice de Estado Trófico e parâmetros de qualidade da água no reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Sá Carvalho, Minas Gerais, Brasil

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