Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil

Detection of antibodies against Icoaraci, Ilhéus, and Saint Louis Encephalitis arboviruses during yellow fever monitoring surveillance in non‐human primates (Alouatta caraya) in southern Brazil

“…Otherwise, dead animal tissue is required . The low viral detection frequency by PCR and isolation in healthy free‐ranging animals is common in this type of study …”

“…36 The low viral detection frequency by PCR and isolation in healthy free-ranging animals is common in this type of study. 13,14,17,19,20,38 Saint Louis Encephalitis virus antibodies have been historically detected in NHPs in Brazil, including in RS, 16,22,23 Paraná, 39 Bahia, 20 and other states in northeastern Brazil. 18 The virus has been isolated from vectors, birds, humans, and other mammals (including NHPs) in the Amazon region, 40,41 although only one human outbreak is known.…”

“…The Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) Health Department in the extreme south of Brazil followed this regulation and began monitoring YFV and other arboviruses circulating in A caraya and Alouatta guariba clamitans (southern brown howlers) in 2002 . Since then, arbovirus surveillance initiatives in NHPs have been adopted in other Brazilian states, which have indirectly evidenced circulation of SLEV in A caraya , Sapajus nigritus, and Sapajus cay in Paraná in 2004‐2005; Ilhéus virus (ILHV), MAYV, SLEV, Rocio virus (ROCV), Oropouche virus (OROV), and Mucambo virus (MUCV) in Sapajus spp in Alagoas, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, and Rio Grande do Norte in 2008‐2010; Cacipacoré virus (CPCV), MAYV, and OROV in A caraya and Sapajus spp in Mato Grosso do Sul in 2010‐2013; and Bussuquara virus (BSQV), Icoaraci virus (ICOV), ILHV, and SLEV in Leontopithecus chrysomelas in Bahia in 2006‐2014 …”

Review on Infections of the Central Nervous System by St. Louis Encephalitis, Rocio and West Nile Flaviviruses in Brazil, 2004-2014

“…Specific antibodies to SLEV were detected in monkeys, Alouattacaraya (1 of 42), Sapajusnigritus (9 of 64) and Sapajus cay (4 of 26). In the same study, antibodies to SLEV were detected in 9 of 23 horse sera by inhibition hemmaglutination test [4]. A serologic survey to ROCV, SLEV and WNV has included sera from 753 healthy horses from Central-West, Northeast and Southeast Brazil.…”

<b>Validação e uso de transcrição reversa seguida da reação em cadeia pela polimerase em tempo real (RT-qPCR) para a vigilância e diagnóstico de flavivírus transmitidos por mosquitos circulantes no Brasil</b>

“…Ademais, foi isolado de roedores e de animais sentinelas(LOPES et al, 1979). O vírus foi isolado em humano pela primeira vez neste estado em 2004 a partir de uma mulher com quadro clínico semelhante ao da dengue, por meio de inoculação de amostra de soro em células C6/36 e em camundongos neonatos, sendo posteriormente confirmado comRT- RODRIGUES et al, 2010;PAUVOLID-CORREA et al, 2010), e em primatas e cavalos no Paraná(SVOBODA et al, 2014) revelando a circulação viral em diversas regiões do país. Recentemente, teve seu isolamento confirmado de um equino com sinais de encefalite, em Minas Gerais(ROSA et al, 2013).…”