Qualitative analysis of the Clock Drawing Test by educational level and cognitive profile

Fabrício, Aline Teixeira; Aprahamian, Ivan; Yassuda, Mônica Sanches

doi:10.1590/0004-282x20140004

Cited by 27 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Older age and male gender are associated with lower performance on MMSE and CDT (Ferri et al, 2005). And there is a significant relationship between education and CDT performance (Fabricio, Aprahamian, & Yassuda, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Testing Older Adults for Signs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Clock Drawing Test vs.Mini-Mental State Examination

Ghavidel

Fadardi

Sedaghat

et al. 2017

PCP

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Objective: Mini-mental state examination, a nonspecific measure of global cognitive function, and the clock drawing test, a very concise and specific measure of cognitive function, are among the most widely used screening tests for cognitive dysfunction. The present research aimed to examine the correspondence between MMSE and CDT scores. Methods:A total of 70 older adults (mean(SD) age=69.70(6.41) y) were selected by convenience sampling method from two local health centers from the same civil servant area in Mashhad City, Iran. They completed MMSE and CDT tests. Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation were used for analyzing the data. Results:Results showed a significant correlation between CDT and MMSE total score. Also the older adults' performance on MMSE and CDT were significantly related to their level of education and gender, but not age. Conclusion:The correlation between the MMSE and CDT test scores was high. Although one test cannot be replaced for the other, the CDT is a simple test that can be used for fast initial screening of cognitive performance among the elderly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Testing Older Adults for Signs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Clock Drawing Test vs.Mini-Mental State Examination

Ghavidel

Fadardi

Sedaghat

et al. 2017

PCP

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“…In our sample, educational level influenced performance on the clock-drawing test. Previous studies have also reported that individuals with more education perform better than those with less education 19,20 . It should be noted, however, that our analysis of the clock-drawing test was impaired by the high rate of refusals to perform the test, especially in the illiterate group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Is the Mini-Mental State Examination the best cognitive screening test for less educated people?

Scarabelot

Monteiro

Rubert³

et al. 2019

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) results are strongly influenced by educational level. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) is an alternative assessment tool that provides more accurate results in individuals with less education. Objective: Our aim was to compare the MMSE and BCSB as screening tests. Methods: The MMSE and BCSB were assessed in 112 participants by two evaluators blind to the other test's result. Participants were classified according to their level of education. The influence of education level was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. Results: Scores of the MMSE (p < 0.0001) and the clock-drawing test (p < 0.0001) were influenced by education level but the delayed recall test score was not (p = 0.0804). The verbal fluency test (p = 0.00035) was influenced only by higher educational levels. It took three minutes less to apply the MMSE than to apply the BCSB (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the delayed recall test and the verbal fluency test of the BCSB are better than the MMSE and clock-drawing test as tools for evaluating cognition in people with limited education.

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“…Some studies have shown that visuospatial tasks involving drawings are particularly difficult for older adults with little or no formal education 52,53,54 . Other studies have underlined the need for caution when interpreting Clock Drawing Test findings, as the level of education is a potential source of bias 46,56 . Yet, other studies have shown that adapted forms of assessment of constructive praxis, such as the Stick Design Test or the Adpated Taylor Figure, may be an important complement to the cognitive screening of older adults with low education 39,57 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for Alzheimer's disease in low-educated or illiterate older adults in Brazil: a systematic review

Ortega

Aprahamian

Borges

et al. 2019

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Cognitive screening instruments are influenced by education and/or culture. In Brazil, as illiteracy and low education rates are high, it is necessary to identify the screening tools with the highest diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: To identify the cognitive screening instruments applied in the Brazilian population with greater accuracy, to detect AD in individuals with a low educational level or who are illiterate. Methods: Systematic search in SciELO, PubMed and LILACS databases of studies that used cognitive screening tests to detect AD in older Brazilian adults with low or no education. Results: We found 328 articles and nine met the inclusion criteria. The identified instruments showed adequate or high diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: For valid cognitive screening it is important to consider sociocultural and educational factors in the interpretation of results. The construction of specific instruments for the low educated or illiterate elderly should better reflect the difficulties of the Brazilian elderly in different regions of the country.

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Qualitative analysis of the Clock Drawing Test by educational level and cognitive profile

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Testing Older Adults for Signs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Clock Drawing Test vs.Mini-Mental State Examination

Testing Older Adults for Signs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Clock Drawing Test vs.Mini-Mental State Examination

Is the Mini-Mental State Examination the best cognitive screening test for less educated people?

Screening for Alzheimer's disease in low-educated or illiterate older adults in Brazil: a systematic review

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