COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: the Brazilian reality from the first case to the collapse of health services

Abstract

promoted by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was fi rst reported in Wuhan (China) as a new coronavirus disease. This outbreak quickly reached a pandemic status, affecting at least 185 countries and territories to date on all continents. The fi rst case of COVID-19 reported in São Paulo city (Brazil) occurred in February 26 th. Days later, 182 suspected cases in 16 states were being monitored. In May 30 th , 514,849 cases and 29,314 deaths were confi rmed in Brazil comprising all 26 states and Federal District. The primary measure in order to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 involved social isolation. At that time there were not enough diagnostic tests to identify infected individuals and data were strongly associated with sub notifi cations. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this measure largely depends on the individual's social responsibility. This measure has a severe economic and social impact, as in other countries. In this review, we present an overview and scientifi c perspectives of the evolution of COVID-19 from Brazilian databases in which climate and economic situations differ from China, European countries, and the USA.

Evaluation of central venous catheter and other risk factors for mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients with COVID-19 in Brazil

“…The first case of the Coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) in Brazil was reported on February 26th, 2020 in the city of São Paulo [ 3 ]. On February 6th, 2021, there were about 9.4 million cases in Brazil, and the country was the 3rd in the world in number of cases [ 4 ].…”

Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives

“…From March 9 th to 13 th , the São Paulo stock market dropped just over 15%, its worst weekly drop since the 2008 financial crisis. Furthermore, GDP fell 11.4% in the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the previous year [ 29 , 30 ]. As of September 2020, Brazil had over 4 million confirmed cases and 125,000 deaths, trailing only the United States in total cases and making the country 6 th globally in deaths per capita [ 31 ].…”

COVID-19: From viral infection to pulmonary failure

“…Inside the cell, the virus will subsequently release its genetic material ( (+) ssRNA) into the cytoplasm and will use the cellular compounds to translate the viral proteins. In this context, both proteins (TMPRSS2 and ACE2) are the main determinants of the virus infection in the host [14][15][16]. [17,18] have shown that nasal epithelial cells present in the nasopharyngeal region, specifically goblet and ciliated cells, exhibit high expression of ACE2, followed by alveolar cells producing type 2 surfactant in the lower respiratory tract.…”