Inhibition of proteases and phospholipases A2 from Bothrops atrox and Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venoms by ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and B-complex vitamins

Abstract

The enzyme inhibition by natural and/ or low-cost compounds may represent a valuable adjunct to traditional serotherapy performed in cases of snakebite, mainly with a view to mitigate the local effects of envenoming. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible interactions between vitamins and enzymes that comprise Bothrops atrox and Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, in vitro. Proteolysis inhibition assays (substrates: azocasein, collagen, gelatin and fibrinogen), hemolysis, coagulation, hemagglutination were carried out using different proportions of vitamins in face of to inhibit minimum effective dose of each venom. The vitamins were responsible for reducing 100% of breaking azocasein by C.d.t. venom, thrombolysis induced by B. atrox and fibrinogenolysis induced by both venoms. It is suggested the presence of interactions between vitamin and the active site of enzymes, for example the interactions between hydrophobic regions present in the enzymes and vitamin E, as well as the inhibitions exercised by antioxidant mechanism.

Quantitative Characterization of the Hemorrhagic, Necrotic, Coagulation-Altering Properties and Edema-Forming Effects of Zebra Snake (Naja nigricincta nigricincta) Venom

“…In vitro exposure of whole goat blood to N. n. nigricincta venom resulted in enhancement of coagulation but the exposure of pre-formed goat blood clots resulted in profound thrombolytic activity. It is not unusual to find one venom containing both fibrinolytic (anticoagulant) and fibrinogenolytic (coagulant) activities [ 36 , 37 ]. Snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs) have been found in elapid, viperid, and colubrid venoms.…”

Inhibition by essential oils of Mentha viridis and Mentha pulegium (Lamiaceae) in proteolysis, fibrinogenolysis and coagulation caused by venomous snakes

“…Solid medium: The proteolytic activity in solid medium was evaluated according to Gutiérrez, Avila, Rojas, and Cerdas (1988). The medium was prepared with incorporation of the azocasein, adapting concentrations described by Markland (1998) for evaluation of the caseinolytic activity in liquid medium, as described by Oliveira, Simão, Trento, César, and Marcussi (2016).…”

Essential Oils from <i>Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon citratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Peumus boldus</i> and <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i>: Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 and Cytotoxicity to Human Erythrocytes

“…These results differ from those observed with the oil from M. piperita, which caused inhibition at the lowest volume evaluated and potentiation at higher volumes. The total or partial inhibition of hemolytic activity may be related mainly to the action of phospholipases A 2 , which may represent the presence or absence of interactions between the molecules present in the toxins and essential oil constituents, as well as the possibility that the inhibitory action might also result from antioxidant mechanisms [11]. These mechanisms are closely related to the number of molecules (enzymes and active plant compounds) present in the reaction environment and justify the different actions (inhibitory, potentiating or no effect) observed for the various oil volumes analyzed.…”

“…The smallest volume evaluated (0.6-μL) of the essential oil from R. officinalis caused a 10% inhibition of the phospholipase activity, whereas the essential oil from P. boldus did not alter the activity induced by the venom. In the year 2016, Oliveira et al [11] According to reports by Borges et al (2000) [18], the aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris inhibited the hemorrhagic activity caused by the venom of several snakes of the Bothrops genus. An aqueous extract of Mandevilla velutina was an effective inhibitor of phospholipase A 2 and inhibited some of its toxic effects, such as hemorrhage [19].…”