Gamification in entrepreneurship education: A systematic literature review and future research agenda

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to understand how researchers have approached gamification in entrepreneurship education and, based on this analysis, propose directions for future research through the systematization of Theories, Contexts, Characteristics, and Methodologies (TCCM Framework). Methodology: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used for the systematic review in eight research databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Emerald, Wiley, Sage, and Taylor & Francis). 33 empirical studies published between 2017 and 2022 were included. Main results: Most of the research did not explore a variety of existing theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior. Additionally, the works focus on higher education, with a gap in the context of primary and secondary education. It is suggested that samples be gender-balanced, mixed-method analyses, experimental and longitudinal studies. Contributions: The study contributes to the literature by compiling the main approaches adopted in gamified entrepreneurship education. Additionally, it proposes a research agenda based on gaps in the literature. Relevance and originality: This research adopts a joint approach of the PRISMA and TCCM protocols, advancing beyond the mere description of results, with the intent of grounding a proactive research agenda for the entrepreneurship academic community. Managerial and social contributions: The identification of best practices for the application of gamification in entrepreneurship education - game design and selection of learning objectives - provides insights for educators, policymakers, entrepreneurship support institutions, and corporate programs.