“…Recently, our group published the first Brazilian CM treatment trial for CUD using the classic vouchers-based, escalating reinforcement type of approach for the application of CM (Miguel et al, 2016(Miguel et al, , 2017(Miguel et al, , 2018(Miguel et al, , 2019. Despite our positive results, we observed specific components of the CM approach that could be generating unnecessary costs and limiting the efficacy and treatment engagement potential of CM.…”