High Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 in Cord Blood and Placenta Infection of Women in Southern Brazil

Avila, Emiliana Claro; Finger‐Jardim, Fabiana; Gonçalves, Carla Vitola; Hora, Vanusa Pousada da; Soares, Marcelo A.; Martínez, Ana Maria Barral de

doi:10.1055/s-0039-1700794

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Despite the low numbers of congenital infections, detection of HSV DNA in the placenta is more common than one would expect. In a recent study, 37% of placentas (n = 160) assessed were positive for HSV-1 viral DNA, with previous reports ranging from 4 – 28% ( 16 ), while HSV-2 DNA was detected in 9% of placentas ( 17 ). Both studies also reported the presence of HSV DNA in neonatal cord blood, however neither study had appropriate follow up to determine if clinically evident neonatal HSV infections took place following the detection of HSV DNA ( 16 , 17 ).…”

Section: Maternal and Neonatal Hsv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections

2022

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The fetal/neonatal period represents both a unique window of opportunity for interventions as well as vulnerability to a number of viral infections. While Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) are highly prevalent and typically of little consequence among healthy adults, they are among the most consequential infections of early life. Despite treatment with antiviral drugs, neonatal HSV (nHSV) infections can still result in significant mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity. Fortunately, newborns in our pathogen-rich world inherit some of the protection provided by the maternal immune system in the form of transferred antibodies. Maternal seropositivity, resulting in placental transfer of antibodies capable of neutralizing virus and eliciting the diverse effector functions of the innate immune system are associated with dramatically decreased risk of nHSV. Given this clear epidemiological evidence of reduced risk of infection and its sequelae, we present what is known about the ability of monoclonal antibody therapies to treat or prevent HSV infection and explore how effective antibody-based interventions in conjunction with antiviral therapy might reduce early life mortality and long-term morbidity.

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Section: Maternal and Neonatal Hsv Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections

2022

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“…Aseptic techniques were used during cord blood sample collection to minimise sample contamination, since identification of pathogens associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes was planned 36 , including a recently published study on the association of flavivirus exposure with congenital microcephaly 55 . In addition, cord blood analysis using PCR has mostly focused on vertically transmitted viruses [56][57][58] , and more research on cord blood testing using molecular diagnostics is needed to better understand the clinical significance of detected organisms. Detection of organisms known to cause permanent neurodevelopmental sequelae in asymptomatic congenital infection such as CMV 59 (eight healthy controls in our study) may inform management.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of pathogens associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis in cord blood at birth using quantitative PCR

Obiero¹,

Gumbi²,

Mwakio³

et al. 2022

Wellcome Open Res

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Background: Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) typically begins prior to, during or soon after birth and may be rapidly fatal. There is paucity of data on the aetiology of EONS in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited diagnostic capacity in this region, despite the associated significant mortality and long-term neurological impairment. Methods: We compared pathogens detected in cord blood samples between neonates admitted to hospital with possible serious bacterial infection (pSBI) in the first 48 hours of life (cases) and neonates remaining well (controls). Cord blood was systematically collected at Kilifi County Hospital (KCH) from 2011-2016, and later tested for 21 bacterial, viral and protozoal targets using multiplex PCR via TaqMan Array Cards (TAC). Results: Among 603 cases (101 [17%] of whom died), 179 (30%) tested positive for ≥1 target and 37 (6.1%) tested positive for multiple targets. Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli/Shigella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes were commonest. Among 300 controls, 79 (26%) tested positive for ≥1 target, 11 (3.7%) were positive for multiple targets, and K. oxytoca and P. aeruginosa were most common. Cumulative odds ratios across controls: cases (survived): cases (died) were E. coli/Shigella spp. 2.6 (95%CI 1.6-4.4); E. faecalis 4.0 (95%CI 1.1-15); S. agalactiae 4.5 (95%CI 1.6-13); Ureaplasma spp. 2.9 (95%CI 1.3-6.4); Enterovirus 9.1 (95%CI 2.3-37); and Plasmodium spp. 2.9 (95%CI 1.4-6.2). Excluding K. oxytoca and P. aeruginosa as likely contaminants, aetiology was attributed in 9.4% (95%CI 5.1-13) cases using TAC. Leading pathogen attributions by TAC were E. coli/Shigella spp. (3.5% (95%CI 1.7-5.3)) and Ureaplasma spp. (1.7% (95%CI 0.5-3.0)). Conclusions: Cord blood sample may be useful in describing EONS pathogens at birth, but more specific tests are needed for individual diagnosis. Careful sampling of cord blood using aseptic techniques is crucial to minimize contamination. In addition to culturable bacteria, Ureaplasma and Enterovirus were causes of EONS.

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“…The majority of cases of HSV vertical transmission from mother to child happens intrapartum leading to so-called neonatal herpes, which can cause severe complications and fatality of ∼60% if left untreated ( Looker et al, 2017 ). Intrauterine infection is rare and controversies remain about the route of transmission from mother to fetus ( Avgil and Ornoy, 2006 ; Avila et al, 2020 ). Intrauterine infection causes severe multiorgan abnormalities that are often lethal ( Avgil and Ornoy, 2006 ).…”

Section: Viral Infections With Vertical Transmission From Mother To Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Environmental Adversities on Human Neocortical Neurogenesis Modeled in Brain Organoids

Sarieva

Mayer

2021

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Over the past decades, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the impact of prenatal environmental adversity on the development of the human embryonic and fetal brain. Prenatal environmental adversity includes infectious agents, medication, and substances of use as well as inherently maternal factors, such as diabetes and stress. These adversities may cause long-lasting effects if occurring in sensitive time windows and, therefore, have high clinical relevance. However, our knowledge of their influence on specific cellular and molecular processes of in utero brain development remains scarce. This gap of knowledge can be partially explained by the restricted experimental access to the human embryonic and fetal brain and limited recapitulation of human-specific neurodevelopmental events in model organisms. In the past years, novel 3D human stem cell-based in vitro modeling systems, so-called brain organoids, have proven their applicability for modeling early events of human brain development in health and disease. Since their emergence, brain organoids have been successfully employed to study molecular mechanisms of Zika and Herpes simplex virus-associated microcephaly, as well as more subtle events happening upon maternal alcohol and nicotine consumption. These studies converge on pathological mechanisms targeting neural stem cells. In this review, we discuss how brain organoids have recently revealed commonalities and differences in the effects of environmental adversities on human neurogenesis. We highlight both the breakthroughs in understanding the molecular consequences of environmental exposures achieved using organoids as well as the on-going challenges in the field related to variability in protocols and a lack of benchmarking, which make cross-study comparisons difficult.

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High Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 in Cord Blood and Placenta Infection of Women in Southern Brazil

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections

Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections

Detection of pathogens associated with early-onset neonatal sepsis in cord blood at birth using quantitative PCR

The Effects of Environmental Adversities on Human Neocortical Neurogenesis Modeled in Brain Organoids

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