Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites

Kashiwagi, Takashi; Du, Fangming; Douglas, Jack F.; Winey, Karen I.; Harris, Richard H.; Shields, John R.

doi:10.1038/nmat1502

Cited by 898 publications

(623 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…During the test for the latter sample, vigorous bubbling was observed between the islands but no bubbling was observed except in the very early stages of the test (within first 30 s) for the sample prepared at 0.2 mg/ml concentration in DMF. This observation and the relationship between the formation of a uniform residue versus the formation of islands and the mass loss rate curves are consistent with our previous observation [36,41].…”

Section: Flammability Propertysupporting

confidence: 93%

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Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

Kashiwagi

Fagan

Douglas

et al. 2007

Polymer

Self Cite

167

113

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Particle spatial dispersion is a crucial characteristic of polymer composite materials and this property is recognized as especially important in nanocomposite materials due to the general tendency of nanoparticles to aggregate under processing conditions. We introduce dispersion metrics along with a specified dispersion scale over which material homogeneity is measured and consider how the dispersion metrics correlate quantitatively with the variation of basic nanocomposite properties. We then address the general problem of quantifying nanoparticle spatial dispersion in model nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at a fixed SWNT concentration of 0.5 % using a 'coagulation' fabrication method. Two methods are utilized to measure dispersion, UV-Vis spectroscopy and optical confocal microscopy. Quantitative spatial dispersion levels were obtained through image analysis to obtain a 'relative dispersion index' (RDI) representing the uniformity of the dispersion of SWNTs in the samples and through absorbance. We find that the storage modulus, electrical conductivity, and flammability containing the same amount of SWNTs, the relationships between the quantified dispersion levels and physical properties show about four orders of magnitude variation in storage modulus, almost eight orders of magnitude variation in electric conductivity, and about 70 % reduction in peak mass loss rate at the highest dispersion level used in this study. The observation of such a profound effect of SWNT dispersion indicates the need for objective dispersion metrics for correlating and understanding how the properties of nanocomposites are determined by the concentration, shape and size of the nanotubes. conditions. We introduce dispersion metrics along with a specified dispersion scale over which material homogeneity is measured and consider how the dispersion metrics correlate quantitatively with the variation of basic nanocomposite properties. We then address the general problem of quantifying nanoparticle spatial dispersion in model nanocomposites of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at a fixed SWNT concentration of 0.5 % using a 'coagulation' fabrication method. Two methods are utilized to measure dispersion, UV-Vis spectroscopy and optical confocal microscopy. Quantitative spatial dispersion levels were obtained through image analysis to obtain a 'relative dispersion index ' (RDI) representing the uniformity of the dispersion of SWNTs in the samples and through absorbance. We find that the storage modulus, electrical conductivity, and flammability † This was carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the US Government and is not subject to copyright in the US. ‡ Correspondence to: T. Kashiwagi (E-mail: takashi.kashiwagi@nist.gov) 1 property of the nanocomposites correlates well with the RDI. For the nanocomposites containing the same amount of SWNTs, the relationships betw...

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Section: Flammability Propertysupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The formation of such a structure has significant effects on flammability properties [41] as shown later in this paper.…”

Section: Viscoelastic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 61%

Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

Kashiwagi

Fagan

Douglas

et al. 2007

Polymer

Self Cite

167

113

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“…First, they can act as a barrier, which makes them useful for flame retardation applications [209,227,228]. Second, they can create a network which can protect the polymer from degradation [229][230][231][232]. Third, they can act as radical traps [233]; and lastly, they are capable of altering the microstructure of the product [4,222].…”

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the role of interface in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymer composites

Kashfipour

Mehra

Zhu

2018

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater

147

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Composite materials and especially polymer composites are widely used in daily life and different industries due to their vastly different properties and design flexibility. It is known that the properties of the composites are strongly related to the properties of its constituents. However, it has been reported in many studies, experimentally and by simulations, that the characteristics of the composites do not follow the rule of mixing. It means that in addition to properties of the constituents, there are other parameters affecting the final physicochemical properties of composites. The interfacial interactions between fillers and host is one of the factors which can strongly affect the properties of the composite. In this review, we summarized the type of interactions between the constituents, their improvement techniques, interaction measurement methods, and the effects of interfacial interactions on thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of composites.

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“…Although the organoclay shows a decomposition with peaks around 330 and 600 °C, 20 its amount is negligible compared with the decomposition of the polymer. The residue remaining after heating over 600 °C corresponds basically to the inorganic leftover of the clay, and is proportional to amount of organoclay in the resins.…”

Section: Thermogravimetry (Tga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the loading of organomodified clays on the thermal and mechanical properties of a model dental resin

et al. 2016

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Experimental dental resins composed of triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate and bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate containing an organoclay as filler were prepared by photopolymerization. The addition of organoclay fillers results in slower polymerization rates (0.59 and 0.24 mol L -1 min -1 , for the formulations without and with 15% of organoclay, respectively) and lower degrees of conversion (0.50 and 0.35 for the formulations without and with 15% of organoclay), as determined by photocalorimetry. The influence of the organoclay on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resins was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques. The (tan δ) and E´ curves indicate the formation of more rigid materials and the damping curve data indicates more homogeneous materials. An increase of storage modulus, E', was observed for composites with the higher organoclay filler contents. These effects are due to the higher viscosity of the systems with organoclay, resulting in a lower mobility of the radicals during the propagation step of polymerization, as well as to the scattering of the incident photopolymerizing radiation, which lowers the amount of initiation centres.

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Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites

Cited by 898 publications

References 38 publications

Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

Relationship between dispersion metric and properties of PMMA/SWNT nanocomposites

A review on the role of interface in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymer composites

Effect of the loading of organomodified clays on the thermal and mechanical properties of a model dental resin

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