Wet Chemistry Route to Hydrophobic Blue Fluorescent Nanodiamond

Mochalin, Vadym; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1021/ja9004514

Cited by 385 publications

(296 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…They have the smallest particle size among different kinds of synthetic diamonds, typically in the range of $10 nm, and exhibit outstanding mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties [1]. This makes DNDs promising in a diversity of areas of science and technology, ranging from the 'conventional' applications such as abrasives, cutting and polishing tools [2,3], to the 'cutting-edge' ones -drug delivery, biomedical imaging, non-toxic contrast agents [4][5][6][7], magnetic sensors [8], composites [9,10], and quantum computing [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the relation between chemical composition and optical properties of detonation nanodiamonds

Kirmani

Peng

Mahfouz

et al. 2015

Carbon

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a b s t r a c tThe morphology and presence of impurities strongly influence mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties of detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs). Here we report insights on the chemical composition and its effect on the optical properties of the DNDs obtained by rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation. Herein, for the first time, a detailed valence band structure of as-prepared and oxidized DNDs is reported. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) measurements demonstrate that the defects, originating from fullerene-like C bonding in the sp 2 shells of the DNDs, are governing the literature-reported loss of the emission spectral features arising from the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center excitations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveal that nitrogen is present in the DNDs in the form of N-O bonded species located at the surface region/sp 2 shells, while in core of the DND it is in the form of N-C/N@C species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the relation between chemical composition and optical properties of detonation nanodiamonds

Kirmani

Peng

Mahfouz

et al. 2015

Carbon

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“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Recently, ND has been shown to be a highly biocompatible drug carrier. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Being a sp 3 carbon based material, the surface property of ND is quite different from its sp 2 counterparts. While remarkable progresses have been made on the application side, fundamental interactions at the bio/nano interface are still not fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamond decorated liposomes as highly biocompatible delivery vehicles and a comparison with carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide

Wang

Liu

2013

Nanoscale

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ABSTRACT:Studying interactions between nano-carbons and lipid membranes is important for multiplexed drug delivery, device fabrication and for understanding toxicity. Herein, we report that nanodiamond (ND, sp 3 carbon) forms a complex with highly biocompatible zwitterionic liposomes based on hydrogen bonding, which is confirmed by pH-dependent and urea-dependent assays. Despite such weak interaction, the complex is highly stable. Comparisons were made with two sp 2 carbons:nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) and carbon nanotube (CNT), where CNT adsorption is the weakest.Adsorption of the nano-carbons does not induce liposome leakage or affect lipid phase transition temperature. Therefore, the potential toxicity of nano-carbons is unlikely to be related to direct membrane damage. ND facilitates cellular uptake of liposomes and co-delivery of negatively charged calcein and positively charged doxorubicin has been demonstrated. ND has the lowest toxicity, while CNT and NGO are slightly more toxic. The effect of introducing fusogenic lipids and cholesterol was further studied to understand the effect of lipid formulation.2

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“…The combination of inert core and chemically reactive surface, which can host a variety of moieties, is appealing for chemists, biologists and material scientists 9,10 . Quantum magnetometry 2,3 is an example of an emerging technology that will directly benefit from the availability of nanocrystals with welldefined sizes in the 5-nm range, because the sensitivity to single spins is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the sensor (that is, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre) and the spin being detected.…”

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confidence: 99%

Observation and control of blinking nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete nanodiamonds

et al. 2010

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Nitrogen-vacancy colour centres in diamond can undergo strong, spin-sensitive optical transitions under ambient conditions, which makes them attractive for applications in quantum optics 1 , nanoscale magnetometry 2,3 and biolabelling 4 . Although nitrogen-vacancy centres have been observed in aggregated detonation nanodiamonds 5 and milled nanodiamonds 6 , they have not been observed in very small isolated nanodiamonds 7 . Here, we report the first direct observation of nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete 5-nm nanodiamonds at room temperature, including evidence for intermittency in the luminescence (blinking) from the nanodiamonds. We also show that it is possible to control this blinking by modifying the surface of the nanodiamonds.Detonation nanodiamond is routinely produced on an industrial scale, and the raw material can be disintegrated into a stable 5-nm monodisperse colloid 8 . The combination of inert core and chemically reactive surface, which can host a variety of moieties, is appealing for chemists, biologists and material scientists 9,10 . Quantum magnetometry 2,3 is an example of an emerging technology that will directly benefit from the availability of nanocrystals with welldefined sizes in the 5-nm range, because the sensitivity to single spins is inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the sensor (that is, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre) and the spin being detected.Producing and detecting NV colour centres in isolated 5-nm detonation nanodiamond has been controversial, and there has been some scepticism regarding their stability as a useful emitter in a discrete crystal. For example, theoretical calculations of the crystal energy budget favour the location of nitrogen on the surface rather than in the core, which seems to explain the limited observation of NV centres in chemical vapour deposition and high-pressure high-temperature grains of less than 40 nm in size 11,12 , and favours the prediction that nanodiamonds smaller than 10 nm in size do not contain NV centres 7,13 . Although sub-10-nm nanodiamonds with NV centres have been produced using a top-down approach (milling luminescent high-pressure hightemperature microdiamonds into 7-nm particles 6,14 ), the question of NV stability in isolated detonation nanodiamonds persists.In aggregated detonation nanodiamonds (agglomerates and agglutinates 8 ), high-sensitivity, time-gated luminescence and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to extract a weak NV signal from a strong luminescence background 5 . The experiments highlight the eclipsing nature of the graphitic surface layers in nanodiamond aggregates-NV centres were simply not visible through the broadband luminescence from the surface and grain boundary material. To distinguish the NV spectral signature from the large grain boundary luminescence overhead, diamond synthesis yielding discrete sub-10-nm detonation nanodiamonds is vital. Here, we use a robust deaggregation and dispersion method, which diminishes the crystal-crystal interaction to...

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Wet Chemistry Route to Hydrophobic Blue Fluorescent Nanodiamond

Cited by 385 publications

References 19 publications

On the relation between chemical composition and optical properties of detonation nanodiamonds

On the relation between chemical composition and optical properties of detonation nanodiamonds

Nanodiamond decorated liposomes as highly biocompatible delivery vehicles and a comparison with carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide

Observation and control of blinking nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete nanodiamonds

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