Synthesis and Characterization of Water Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Graft Copolymers

Zhao, Bin; Hu, Hui; Yu, Aiping; Perea, Daniel E.; Haddon, Robert C.

doi:10.1021/ja042924i

Cited by 331 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The functionalized nanotubes tend to form a (meta)stable colloidal suspension, sterically stabilised by the osmotic pressure induced when functional groups from adjacent nanotubes move into the same region of space (section 2.3) [117] . Additionally, in some cases stabilization is achieved by electrostatic interactions between the functional groups [35] . Furthermore, the functional group-solvent interaction lowers the enthalpy of mixing and can increase the entropy of mixing (solvent configurational effects) resulting in a lower free energy of mixing.…”

Section: Functionalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various methods to provide this repulsive potential have been explored. Nanotubes have been dispersed and stabilised with the aid of specific solvents [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] , acids [25,26] , macromolecules [27][28][29][30] and surfactants [31][32][33][34] as well as through covalent functionalisation strategies [35,36] . Such systems have been characterised by a range of techniques such as atomic force microscopy [37] , infra-red photoluminescence and absorbance spectroscopy [34] , viscometry [25] , small angle neutron scattering [32] to name but a few.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation of Nanotubes and Graphene

Coleman

2009

Adv Funct Materials

587

530

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Many applications of carbon nanotubes require the exfoliation of the nanotubes to give individual tubes in the liquid phase. This requires the dispersion, exfoliation and stabilisation of nanotubes in a variety of liquids. In this paper we review recent work in this area, focusing on results from the author's group. We begin by reviewing stabilisation mechanisms before exploring research into the exfoliation of nanotubes in solvents, by using surfactants or biomolecules and by covalent attachment of molecules.The concentration dependence of the degree of exfoliation in each case will be highlighted. In addition we will discuss research into the dispersion mechanism for each dispersant type. Most importantly we have compared dispersion quality metrics for all dispersants. From this analysis, we conclude that functionalised nanotubes can be exfoliated to the greatest degree. Finally, we review the extension of this work to the liquid phase exfoliation of graphite to give graphene.

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Section: Functionalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation of Nanotubes and Graphene

Coleman

2009

Adv Funct Materials

587

530

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“…Analysis of the results showed that 1.4 g of P7-SWCNT contains 1 g of SWCNT, which is equivalent to 2.62 g and 1.14 g of Pl-PEG 5000 and Pl-PEG 2000, respectively. 13 UV absorbance of the equivalent amounts of each compound in water was measured (UV-Vis spectrophotometer, CECIL CE 2021, 2000 series, Cambridge, UK) and showed equal values, indicating that the absorbance is due only to the SWCNT structure (and not to the functionalizing compounds). Various P7-SWCNT aqueous concentrations (over the range of 0.01-0.14 mg/mL) were then prepared for the construction of a standard calibration curve.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of single-walled carbon nanotube solubility by noncovalent PEGylation using experimental design methods

Hadidi¹,

Kobarfard²,

Nafissi-Varcheh³

et al. 2011

IJN

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In this study, noncovalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with phospholipid-polyethylene glycols (Pl-PEGs) was performed to improve the solubility of SWCNTs in aqueous solution. Two kinds of PEG derivatives, ie, Pl-PEG 2000 and Pl-PEG 5000, were used for the PEGylation process. An experimental design technique (D-optimal design and second-order polynomial equations) was applied to investigate the effect of variables on PEGylation and the solubility of SWCNTs. The type of PEG derivative was selected as a qualitative parameter, and the PEG/SWCNT weight ratio and sonication time were applied as quantitative variables for the experimental design. Optimization was performed for two responses, aqueous solubility and loading efficiency. The grafting of PEG to the carbon nanostructure was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Aqueous solubility and loading efficiency were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and measurement of free amine groups, respectively. Results showed that Pl-PEGs were grafted onto SWCNTs. Aqueous solubility of 0.84 mg/mL and loading efficiency of nearly 98% were achieved for the prepared Pl-PEG 5000-SWCNT conjugates. Evaluation of functionalized SWCNTs showed that our noncovalent functionalization protocol could considerably increase aqueous solubility, which is an essential criterion in the design of a carbon nanotube-based drug delivery system and its biodistribution.

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“…After that, interest of biological applications such as nanobiodevices using hybrids of biomolecules and CNTs has been recognized. On the other hand, one of the recent progresses in nanocarbon technology is synthesis of variously functionalized SWNTs [4]. Some of the chemically modified SWNTs can be solved in water without attaching surfactants or biomolecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%