Prediction, mapping and validation of tick glutathione S-transferase B-cell epitopes

Ndawula, Charles; Xavier, Marina Amaral; Villavicencio, Bianca; Lopes, Fernanda Cortez; Juliano, María A.; Parizi, Luís Fernando; Verli, Hugo; Vaz, Itabajara da Silva; Ligabue-Braun, Rodrigo

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101445

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Although the concept of epitope-chimera vaccines has been exploited toward the control of ticks [ 147 ], reports of enhanced protection under field conditions remain scarce. This could be attributed to the fact that there are still no standard pipelines for predicting tick vaccine epitopes [ 148 , 149 , 150 ].…”

Section: Can We Enhance the Efficacy Of Cocktail Vaccines?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocktail Anti-Tick Vaccines: The Unforeseen Constraints and Approaches toward Enhanced Efficacies

Ndawula

Lew-Tabor

2020

Vaccines

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Ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of disease. Ticks affect livestock industries in Asia, Africa and Australia at ~$1.13 billion USD per annum. For instance, 80% of the global cattle population is at risk of infestation by the Rhipicephalus microplus species-complex, which in 2016 was estimated to cause $22–30 billion USD annual losses. Although the management of tick populations mainly relies on the application of acaricides, this raises concerns due to tick resistance and accumulation of chemical residues in milk, meat, and the environment. To counteract acaricide-resistant tick populations, immunological tick control is regarded among the most promising sustainable strategies. Indeed, immense efforts have been devoted toward identifying tick vaccine antigens. Until now, Bm86-based vaccines have been the most effective under field conditions, but they have shown mixed success worldwide. Currently, of the two Bm86 vaccines commercialized in the 1990s (GavacTM in Cuba and TickGARDPLUSTM in Australia), only GavacTM is available. There is thus growing consensus that combining antigens could broaden the protection range and enhance the efficacies of tick vaccines. Yet, the anticipated outcomes have not been achieved under field conditions. Therefore, this review demystifies the potential limitations and proposes ways of sustaining enhanced cocktail tick vaccine efficacy.

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Section: Can We Enhance the Efficacy Of Cocktail Vaccines?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocktail Anti-Tick Vaccines: The Unforeseen Constraints and Approaches toward Enhanced Efficacies

Ndawula

Lew-Tabor

2020

Vaccines

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“…The vaccine approach to control ticks is based on the fact that an antibody from the host animal could traverse midgut cells into hemolymph and reach other organs to carry out its biological function (Ackerman et al 1981 ). Prior studies have noted the importance of B-cell epitope prediction, and revealed that tick GSTs share conserved epitopes in different tick species (Ndawula et al 2020 ). In the current study, we found there were linear B-cell epitopes in different D. marginatus GSTs shared similar prediction patterns suggesting that they might have cross immunity within GST classes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identifying epitopes in tick protective antigens is of great interest in designing epitope-based vaccines (Sanchez-Trincado et al 2017 ), as in silico prediction methods could dramatically reduce the time and effort spent in potential epitope mapping by experimental testing (Potocnakova et al 2016 ). B-cell epitope prediction study on tick GSTs have revealed important epitopes that share cross-reactivity among multiple tick species which was demonstrated through a peptide-based serological experiment (Ndawula et al 2020 ). B-cell epitope-based vaccines could induce a high specific immune response and induce longer immune protection (Ndawula et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B-cell epitope prediction study on tick GSTs have revealed important epitopes that share cross-reactivity among multiple tick species which was demonstrated through a peptide-based serological experiment (Ndawula et al 2020 ). B-cell epitope-based vaccines could induce a high specific immune response and induce longer immune protection (Ndawula et al 2020 ). Similar in silico analysis on tick-specific aquaporin-1 was carried out in the hope of finding specific epitopes vital to tick survival (Ndekezi et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequence identification and expression profile of seven Dermacentor marginatus glutathione S-transferase genes

Huercha

Hao

et al. 2020

Exp Appl Acarol

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Dermacentor marginatus is a widespread tick species and a vector of many pathogens in Eurasia. Due to the medical importance of D. marginatus, control measures are needed for this tick species. Currently tick control approaches rely mostly on acaricide application, whereas wrong and irrational acaricide use may result in drug resistance and residue problems. Vaccination as an alternative approach for tick control has been proven to be effective towards some tick species. However, immunization against D. marginatus has not yet reached satisfactory protection. The effort of in silico based analysis could predict antigenicity and identify candidates for anti-tick vaccine development. We carried out an in silico analysis of D. marginatus glutathione S-transferases (DmGSTs) in order to identify blood-feeding induced GSTs as antigens that can be used in anti-tick vaccine development. Phylogenetic analysis, linear B-cell epitope prediction, homology modeling, and conformational B-cell epitope mapping on the GST models were performed to identify highly antigenic DmGSTs. Relative gene expressions of the seven GSTs were profiled through real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to outline GSTs up-regulated during blood feeding. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven GSTs belonged to four classes of GST, including one in epsilon-class, one in zeta-class, one in omega-class, and four in mu-class. Linear B-cell epitope prediction revealed mu-class GSTs share similar conserved antigenic regions. The conformational B-cell epitope mapped on the homology model of the GSTs displayed that GSTs of mu-class showed stronger antigenicity than that of other classes. RT-qPCR revealed DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 were positively related to blood feeding. In sum, the data suggest that DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 could be tested for potential antitick vaccine trials.

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“…Nonetheless, it is likely that the mechanism is similar with anti-tick vaccines. For a deeper insight on the basics of immune responses, refer to Abbas et al [ 37 ] In regard to memory induction, highly immunogenic tick antigens such as Bm86 [ 38 ] and GSTs [ 39 ] are reported to have T- and B-cell epitopes. What this suggests is that after obtaining omics data, researchers should examine the immunogenic potential of the target protein(s) based on the presence of B- and T-cell epitopes [ 40 ].…”

Section: The Basic Immunological Principle Of Anti-tick Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Bench to Field: A Guide to Formulating and Evaluating Anti-Tick Vaccines Delving beyond Efficacy to Effectiveness

Ndawula

2021

Vaccines

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Ticks are ubiquitous blood-sucking ectoparasites capable of transmitting a wide range of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi to animals and humans. Although the use of chemicals (acaricides) is the predominant method of tick-control, there are increasing incidents of acaricide tick resistance. Furthermore, there are concerns over accumulation of acaricide residues in meat, milk and in the environment. Therefore, alternative methods of tick-control have been proposed, of which anti-tick cattle vaccination is regarded as sustainable and user-friendly. Over the years, tremendous progress has been made in identifying and evaluating novel candidate tick vaccines, yet none of them have reached the global market. Until now, Bm86-based vaccines (Gavac™ in Cuba and TickGARDPLUS™ Australia-ceased in 2010) are still the only globally commercialized anti-tick vaccines. In contrast to Bm86, often, the novel candidate anti-tick vaccines show a lower protection efficacy. Why is this so? In response, herein, the potential bottlenecks to formulating efficacious anti-tick vaccines are examined. Aside from Bm86, the effectiveness of other anti-tick vaccines is rarely assessed. So, how can the researchers assess anti-tick vaccine effectiveness before field application? The approaches that are currently used to determine anti-tick vaccine efficacy are re-examined in this review. In addition, a model is proposed to aid in assessing anti-tick vaccine effectiveness. Finally, based on the principles for the development of general veterinary vaccines, a pipeline is proposed to guide in the development of anti-tick vaccines.

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Prediction, mapping and validation of tick glutathione S-transferase B-cell epitopes

Cited by 9 publications

References 79 publications

Cocktail Anti-Tick Vaccines: The Unforeseen Constraints and Approaches toward Enhanced Efficacies

Cocktail Anti-Tick Vaccines: The Unforeseen Constraints and Approaches toward Enhanced Efficacies

Sequence identification and expression profile of seven Dermacentor marginatus glutathione S-transferase genes

From Bench to Field: A Guide to Formulating and Evaluating Anti-Tick Vaccines Delving beyond Efficacy to Effectiveness

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