Sexual dimorphism and population differentiation in the Chilean Neotropical moth Macaria mirthae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a wing geometric morphometric example

Molecular Identification and Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Haematobosca aberrans (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…The geometric morphometric study was carried out to compare the wing size and wing shape between sexes of H. aberrans . Landmark-based geometric morphometrics has been mostly used in sexual dimorphism studies [ 32 , 33 , 36 ]. In the present study, we revealed a sexual dimorphism in wing shape, indicating that the phenotypic expression of wing shape is a sex-specific difference.…”

“…The landmark-based method uses the coordinates of landmarks to analyse the variation in size and shape, while the outline-based method uses the outline or contour data in the analysis [ 25 , 31 ]. Many studies have used geometric morphometric methods for describing sexual dimorphism in the wing of various insects such as blow flies [ 28 , 32 ], mosquitoes [ 33 , 34 ], moths [ 35 , 36 ], fruit flies [ 37 ] and stomoxyine flies [ 26 ]. Sexual dimorphism in morphological characters is the most interesting source of phenotypic variation in various taxa and has attracted considerable interest in evolutionary biology [ 37 ].…”

Sexual dimorphism in the Anatolian endemic tiger beetle, Cephalota circumdata cappadocica Franzen, 1996 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): a study showing the effectiveness of geometric morphometrics

“…Methods for the selection and use of body parts, and for the evaluation of sexes, are of central importance in sexual dimorphism. Geometric morphometrics is not only a novel tool for detecting morphological variations (Mitteroecker & Gunz, 2009;Breno et al, 2011;Kaliontzopoulou, 2011;Benítez et al, 2013;Meng et al, 2018), but also is the best clue to determine sexual dimorphism between and/or among organisms (Hood, 2000;Kaliontzopoulou et al, 2007;Moneva et al, 2012;Alencar et al, 2014;Jun-Yan et al, 2015;Solis et al, 2015;Minoli et al, 2016;Benítez & Vargas, 2017;Tamagnini et al, 2018). For insects in general, and beetles in particular, past works on sexual dimorphism have concentrated on sclerotized body parts (Pretorius & Scholtz, 2001), such as head and pronotum (Torres et al, 2010;Cruz et al, 2011;Acevedo, 2015;Ober & Connolly, 2015;Eldred et al, 2016;Sukhodolskaya & Saveliev, 2017;Vesović et al, 2019).…”

Unraveling the Morphological Variation of Triatoma infestans in the Peridomestic Habitats of Chuquisaca Bolivia: A Geometric Morphometric Approach

“…Sexual dimorphism is a topic of interest in parasitological studies, particularly using vector species since the differentiation between sexes is often not obvious, or the specimens are very small; thus, finding discriminating characters allows easy determination of sexes [ 11 ]. Sexual dimorphism differences in morphological traits are a common phenomenon in insects, and their most conspicuous aspect is the size and ultimately shape [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Investigating the pattern of morphological adaptation has been an essential element in comparative biology and invasion biology, and particularly in the study of organismal diversification and evolutionary innovation [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”