“…In recent years, different instruments have been developed for monitoring ECD outcomes at the population level (McCoy et al, 2021); and international agencies have called for the development of an instrument that allows comparable measurement of ECD at a global level (Cavallera et al, 2019), yet no consensus exists on which is the best instrument to do so. In this context, PIPAS offers the possibility of obtaining ECD outcomes and additional information across the five domains of the Nurturing Care Framework, making it possible to analyse the influence of such domains on ECD, as recently demonstrated in Brazil (Venancio et al, 2021(Venancio et al, , 2022. Hence, IMAPI and PIPAS can be used in a complementary way, because while IMAPI uses existing secondary data to evaluate the nurturing care environments, PIPAS collects complementary information on ECD outcomes through population surveys.…”