Genetics of COVID-19

Raskin, Salmo

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2020.09.002

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Multiple amino acid alterations in the spike protein have been linked to this lineage, such as deletions at 69/70, ORF8 mutations, P681H, N501Y, and E484K mutations [84] . The N501Y mutation, which is a replacement of asparagine by tyrosine in the receptor-binding motif is of major concern [85] . Structural modeling analysis revealed that the orientation of aromatic ring and establishment of additional hydrogen bonds with the ACE2 receptor increases the binding affinity and consequently the infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines

Khan

Ali

et al. 2021

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its new variants reported in different countries have posed a serious threat to human health and social fabrics worldwide. In addition, these new variants hindered the efforts of vaccines and other therapeutic developments. In this review article, we explained the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, their transmission risk, mortality rate, and, more importantly, the impact of each new variant on the efficacy of the developed vaccines reported in different literature and findings. The literature reported that with the emergence of new variants, the efficacy of different vaccines is declined, hospitalization is increased while the risk of reinfection also increased. The reports concluded that the emergence of a variant that entirely evades the immune response triggered by the vaccine is improbable. The emergence of new variants and reports of re-infections are creating a more distressing situation and therefore demands further investigation to formulate an effective therapeutic strategy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines

Khan

Ali

et al. 2021

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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“…A close relationship was found between SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV Rat G13 virus (from the bat ( Rhinolophus affinis )) at 96 % identity [8]. The genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was shared on the 12 th of January 2020 [9,10]. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of spike glycoproteins in their envelope gives them a crown-like appearance under an electron microscope [11]. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is a single positive-stranded RNA approximately 29 903 bases (nucleotides) pairs in length [9,10,12,13]. There are at least 50 different open reading frames (ORFs) in the SARS-CoV-2 genome which include start codon (AUG) and stop codons (UAG, UAA, UGA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are at least 50 different open reading frames (ORFs) in the SARS-CoV-2 genome which include start codon (AUG) and stop codons (UAG, UAA, UGA). Origin of transcription sequences allow for SARS-CoV-2 to encode for 50 protiens with structural, non-structural and accessory functions [10,14,15]. Two-thirds of the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes for the two main transcription units, ORF1a and ORF1b which are attributed in the encoding of polyproteins, PP1a and PP1ab respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PP1ab contains ORFs for 16 nonstructural proteins (Nsp1-Nsp16). Non-structural proteins have functions in replication, proofreading, translation, suppressing host proteins, blocking immune responses, and stabilisation [10,15]. One-third of the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes the structure and accessory proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages (Variants) on the COVID-19 Epidemic in South Africa

Mabuka¹,

Naidoo²,

Ncube³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have been attributed to the occurrence of secondary and tertiary COVID-19 epidemic waves and also threatening vaccine efforts due to their immune invasiveness. Since the importation of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa, with the first reported COVID-19 case on the 5th of March 2020, South Africa has observed 3 consecutive COVID-19 epidemic waves. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has played a significant role in the resurgence of COVID-19 epidemic waves in South Africa and across the globe. South Africa has a unique observation of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, with distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages dominating certain epidemic periods. This unique observation allows for an investigation of the detected SARS-CoV-2 lineages' impact on COVID-19 transmissibility and severity through analysis of epidemiological data. In this study, inferential statistical analysis was conducted on South African COVID-19 epidemiological data to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the South African COVID-19 epidemiology. The general methodology in this study involved the collation of South African COVID-19 epidemiological data, the regression and normalisation of the epidemiological data, and inferential statistical analysis. This study shows that the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in an increase in COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in South Africa. The Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in increased COVID-19 transmissibility in the South African population by 53.9 to 54.8 % more than the Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOC and the predominantly B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56 C.1 SA SARS-CoV-2 lineage cluster. The Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in more severe COVID-19 in South Africa than the Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC. While, both the Beta and Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in more severe COVID-19 than the initial SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in the South African first epidemic wave period. The Delta, Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, and the predominantly B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56 C.1 SA SARS-CoV-2 lineage cluster were observed to cause similar COVID-19 hospital case fatality and discharge rates in South African hospitals.

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Toward Gene Transfer Nanoparticles as Therapeutics

Kavanagh

Green

2022

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Genetic medicine has great potential to treat the underlying causes of many human diseases with exquisite precision, but the field has historically been stymied by delivery as the central challenge. Nanoparticles, engineered constructs the size of natural viruses, are being designed to more closely mimic the delivery efficiency of viruses, while enabling the advantages of increased safety, cargo-carrying flexibility, specific targeting, and ease in manufacturing. The speed in which nonviral gene transfer nanoparticles are making progress in the clinic is accelerating, with clinical validation of multiple nonviral nucleic acid delivery nanoparticle formulations recently FDA approved for both expression and for silencing of genes. While much of this progress has been with lipid nanoparticle formulations, significant development is being made with other nanomaterials for gene transfer as well, with favorable attributes such as biodegradability, scalability, and cell targeting. This review highlights the state of the field, current challenges in delivery, and opportunities for engineered nanomaterials to meet these challenges, including enabling long-term therapeutic gene editing. Delivery technology utilizing different kinds of nanomaterials and varying cargos for gene transfer (DNA, mRNA, and ribonucleoproteins) are discussed. Clinical applications are presented, including for the treatment of genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

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Genetics of COVID-19

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines

SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages (Variants) on the COVID-19 Epidemic in South Africa

Toward Gene Transfer Nanoparticles as Therapeutics

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