Another reason to favor exclusive breastfeeding: microbiome resilience

Fasano, Alessio

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2017.10.002

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Epidemiological studies have shown that breastfed infants are less likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis, leukemia, and lymphomas, infectious diseases and allergies, or immune-mediated diseases such as asthma, celiac disease, or diabetes, than infants unable to be breastfed for a variety of reasons [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota of breastfed infants has been shown to differ from that of non-breastfed babies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota of breastfed infants has been shown to differ from that of non-breastfed babies. Microbial dysbiosis in early life has been suggested to correlate with an increased incidence of immune-modulated disease such as asthma and atopic disease, obesity, and neurodevelopmental disorders [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Infants fed breast milk have also been shown to have advantages with regard to cognitive development [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

et al. 2021

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Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

et al. 2021

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“…The hydrogen peroxide, as well as ROS and RNS, produced when breastmilk and saliva combine, will then be swallowed and subjected to the neonatal stomach secretions. It is well-established that the neonatal GIT microbiota varies according to the mode of feeding 20 – 23 . It is encouraging that a recent study 24 demonstrated the presence of bioactive hydrogen peroxide within the rat neonatal stomach 2 hr post feeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms

Sweeney

Al-Shehri

Cowley

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that occurs when breastmilk (containing the enzyme xanthine oxidase) and neonatal saliva (containing highly elevated concentrations of the substrates for xanthine oxidase: xanthine and hypoxanthine). The interaction of neonatal saliva and breast milk releases antibacterial compounds including hydrogen peroxide, and regulates the growth of bacteria. Using a novel in vitro experimental approach, the current study compared the effects of this unique metabolic pathway on a range of bacterial species and determined the period of time that microbial growth was affected. We demonstrated that microbial growth was inhibited predominately, immediately and for up to 24 hr following breastmilk and saliva mixing; however, some microorganisms were able to recover and continue to grow following exposure to these micromolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, growth inhibition was independent of whether the organisms possessed a catalase enzyme. This study further confirms that this is one mechanism that contributes to the significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies.

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“…Rasmussen (2017) and Boies (2017) have since noted that the methods used to feed human milk to infants have evolved over time, and that the WHO and IGAB frameworks lack reference to the specific mode by which human milk is delivered to infants, making it difficult to differentiate between feeding milk from the breast directly and feeding expressed human milk from a bottle (Rasmussen, 2017); the latter becoming an increasingly popular method for providing human milk to infants (Clemons, 2010;Labiner-Wolfe, 2008;Boies, 2017;Rasmussen, 2017). Such an omission could blur our understanding of the impact these different modes of feeding human milk on infant outcomes such as cognitive development (Quigley, 2012), gut microbiome composition (Fasano, 2018), development of asthma (Oddy, 1999) or overweight/obesity (Harder, 2005) and maternal outcomes such as postpartum weight retention (Neville 2014). Similar sentiments were expressed by Yourkavitch (2019) and others (Labbok, 1990, Thulier 2010, and assessed collectively, the literature suggests that researchers should consider using more detailed and consistent definitions of human milk feeding in order to advance broader understanding of how human milk feeding practices impact infant and maternal health outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying suggested new terminology and definitions for human milk feeding in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) longitudinal pregnancy cohort

Jarman

Yuan

et al. 2023

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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The complexity of human milk feeding behaviours may not be captured using simpler definitions of ‘exclusive’ and ‘non-exclusive’ breastfeeding. New definitions have been suggested to describe variation in these behaviours more fully but have not been widely applied. We applied the new definitions to data derived from 3-day human milk feeding diaries. Participants (n=1091) recorded the number, beginning/end time, and modes of feeding of infants aged 3 months. Data were used to create six exclusive groups according to feeding mode(s): 1) human milk at-breast only; 2) human milk at-breast and human milk in a bottle; 3) human milk at-breast and infant formula in a bottle; 4) human milk at-breast and human milk and infant formula mixed in the same bottle; 5) human milk at-breast, human milk in a bottle, and infant formula in a bottle (not mixed); 6) a bottle that sometimes contained human milk and sometimes infant formula (not mixed); never at-breast. Differences in maternal and infant characteristics were examined among groups. Fifty-seven percent fed at-breast only (Group 1). Those in Group 1 spent a similar amount of time feeding directly at-breast (median 132 (IQR 98-172 ) min/day) as those in Groups 2 (124 (95-158)), 3 (143 (100-190)) and 5 (114 (84-142)) (p>0.05) indicating that adding bottle-feeding did not always reduce the time infants were fed at-breast. Applying new suggested definitions to describe human milk feeding behaviours from the mothers’ perspective highlights the complexity of patterns used and warrants further application and research to explore impacts on health outcomes.

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Another reason to favor exclusive breastfeeding: microbiome resilience

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms

Applying suggested new terminology and definitions for human milk feeding in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) longitudinal pregnancy cohort

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