Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review

Lima, Mayara Santa Rosa; Dimenstein, Roberto; Ribeiro, Karla Danielly da Silva

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.006

Cited by 54 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…In general, comparing the results with the literature, it is clear that the levels of vitamin in the milk are consistent with studies involving infants in developed countries, and in situations of food safety 7 . The concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum milk was higher than that of the Polish infants, 6 lower than that of a study conducted in Spain 9 , and similar to the concentration found in Brazil 19 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Although the amount of alpha-tocopherol offered to infants is reduced with the advancement of the phases of lactation, there is an increase in the volume of milk consumed by the newborn to meet the nutritional requirement 7 . In this study, the mature milk has not provided the AI of vitamin E for the infant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In the phase of mature milk, breast milk is no longer undergoing major changes in its composition, causing the levels of alpha-tocopherol to remain constant over time 7 . Antonakou et al 17 showed no significant difference between the concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in mature milk among the first, third, and sixth months of lactation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 7 However, when it comes to longitudinal studies, few consider the analysis of the vitamin in the three stages of lactation-colostrum, transitional, and mature, 4 , 8 , 9 , and this approach to estimate the supply of vitamin E for the infant is rarely done.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamina E No Leite Humano E Sua Relação Com O Requerimento Nutricional Do Recém-Nascido a Termo

Silva

Ribeiro

Melo

et al. 2017

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objectives: To determine the alpha-tocopherol concentration in breast milk at different periods of lactation and to estimate the possible supply of vitamin E to the infant.Methods: A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 100 mothers at University Hospital Ana Bezerra (HUAB), at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Santa Cruz (RN), Northeast Brazil. Samples of colostrum (n=100), transitional milk (n=77), and mature milk (n=63) were collected. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin supply to the newborn was estimated by comparing the nutritional requirement of vitamin E (4 mg/day) with the potential daily intake of milk.Results: The mean alpha-tocopherol concentration found in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk was 40.5±15.0 µmol/L, 13.9±5.2 µmol/L, and 8.0±3.8 µmol/L, respectively (p<0.001). The possible effect of these milks offered to the infant 6.2 mg/day of vitamin E in colostrum, 4.7 mg/day in transitional milk, and 2.7 mg/day in mature milk (p<0.0001), shows that only the mature milk did not guarantee the recommended quantity of this vitamin.Conclusions: Alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk decrease through the progression of lactation, and the possible intake of colostrum and transitional milk met the nutritional requirement of the infant. Mature milk may provide smaller amounts of vitamin E. Thus, it is important to study the factors that are associated with such low levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamina E No Leite Humano E Sua Relação Com O Requerimento Nutricional Do Recém-Nascido a Termo

Silva

Ribeiro

Melo

et al. 2017

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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“…The changes in milk composition depending on different factors, such as stage of lactation or duration of the feeding [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], maternal diet, supplementation, and nutritional status [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] have been demonstrated. In recent years, association studies have found other potential factors influencing the concentrations of vitamins in breast milk, including maternal socio-economic [ 36 , 37 , 38 ], obstetric, or physiological factors [ 24 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 ]. Indeed, maternal socio-economic and obstetric factors are changing in China, such as the rate of cesarean delivery, which increased from 3.4% in 1988 to 39.3% in 2008 [ 41 ] and to 54.5% in 2011 [ 42 ]; as well as the increase in inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Breast Milk from Urban Chinese Mothers and Their Associations with Maternal Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2017

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Milk composition remains the best estimate of infant requirements. The aims of this study were to quantify carotenoids and tocopherols in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers, and to explore their associations with lactation stage, region, socio-economic and obstetric characteristics, and dietary intake. Human milk was obtained from 509 healthy mothers, and concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols were analyzed by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The mothers’ socio-economic and obstetric characteristics and dietary intake through a single 24-h dietary recall were evaluated. The median concentrations (μg/100 mL) of each component of 0–4 days, 5–11 days, 12–30 days, 31–60 days, 61–120 days, and 121–240 days postpartum were respectively as follows: β-carotene 8.0, 2.8, 2.1, 1.7, 1.9, 1.8; β-cryptoxanthin 6.2, 3.4, 2.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1; lutein 5.7, 7.0, 2.2, 2.9, 2.8, 3.7; lycopene 6.3, 2.5, 1.8, 1.4, 1.4, 1.5; zeaxanthin 1.0, 1.4, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1; α-tocopherol 645, 382, 239, 206, 212, 211; γ-tocopherol 68, 63, 70, 73, 68, 88. The levels of those components varied significantly among different lactation stages and presented regional differences. Associations of carotenoid contents with maternal education, delivery mode, and present body mass index were found in multivariate analyses. These results suggested that lactation stage, region, and socio-economic and obstetric factors were associated with human milk concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in healthy Chinese mothers.

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Lipids in Infant Formula

Zou

Zhang²,

Pedersen

et al. 2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Human milk (HM) provides the ideal nourishment for infant growth and cognitive development. The new advances in component and microstructure analyses of HM provide solid knowledge for developing better infant formulas to mimic HM to the largest extent possible. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the analysis and understanding of the physical structures, composition, and phospholipids and other minor components in HM lipids, as well as in its counterpart infant formula (IF) lipids. The similarities and differences of lipids between HM and IF suggest the gaps to be narrowed for improved IF development, as the theme of IF lipids studies, which are not only on fatty acid composition, but also on triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and minor lipid species and level of supplements. The efforts and researches in searching alternative oils and fats and development of related chemical/enzymatic processes comprise a key focus of this article. The specifications to regulate IF market, marketing trend, and patenting status are also intensively discussed. Moreover, the risk substance controls of 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GE) and the strategy to mitigate them during IF lipid process are also reviewed.

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Vitamin E concentration in human milk and associated factors: a literature review

Abstract: Alpha-tocopherol concentration in milk decreases during lactation, until the mature milk appears. To confirm the influence of some maternal and child variables on milk vitamin E content, further studies with adequate design are needed.

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

Vitamina E No Leite Humano E Sua Relação Com O Requerimento Nutricional Do Recém-Nascido a Termo

Vitamina E No Leite Humano E Sua Relação Com O Requerimento Nutricional Do Recém-Nascido a Termo

Concentrations of Carotenoids and Tocopherols in Breast Milk from Urban Chinese Mothers and Their Associations with Maternal Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study

Lipids in Infant Formula

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