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Objectives Investigate serum vitamin D (vit D) levels’ relation to uterine volume in idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) girls and compare findings with normal peers. Methods Analyzed 278 ICPP cases from January 2017 to September 2022 alongside 239 normally developing girls. Collected clinical data and lab markers and performed subgroup analysis based on vit D levels. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Results The ICPP group exhibited elevated uterine volume and lower serum vit D compared to controls (p<0.05). A weak negative correlation was noted between vit D and uterine volume in ICPP (r=−0.193, p=0.004), and no such correlation in controls (r=−0.073, p=0.319). The ICPP vit D deficiency subgroup displayed higher uterine volume than the insufficiency and sufficiency subgroups (p<0.05). Uterine volume in the insufficiency subgroup exceeded the sufficiency subgroup (p<0.05). After adjusting for confounders, lower vit D is linked to increased ICPP uterine volume (non-standardized regression coefficient β=−25.55, 95 % CI= −46.23, −4.87, p=0.016). A Limited correlation between vit D and uterine volume was seen in girls with normal pubertal timing. Conclusions We demonstrated a correlation between vit D and uterine volume in ICPP girls, absent in normal peers. ICPP girls often exhibit lower vit D levels and increased uterine volume. Further research is vital for understanding vit D’s role in ICPP pathogenesis and guiding prevention and treatment strategies.
Objectives Investigate serum vitamin D (vit D) levels’ relation to uterine volume in idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) girls and compare findings with normal peers. Methods Analyzed 278 ICPP cases from January 2017 to September 2022 alongside 239 normally developing girls. Collected clinical data and lab markers and performed subgroup analysis based on vit D levels. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Results The ICPP group exhibited elevated uterine volume and lower serum vit D compared to controls (p<0.05). A weak negative correlation was noted between vit D and uterine volume in ICPP (r=−0.193, p=0.004), and no such correlation in controls (r=−0.073, p=0.319). The ICPP vit D deficiency subgroup displayed higher uterine volume than the insufficiency and sufficiency subgroups (p<0.05). Uterine volume in the insufficiency subgroup exceeded the sufficiency subgroup (p<0.05). After adjusting for confounders, lower vit D is linked to increased ICPP uterine volume (non-standardized regression coefficient β=−25.55, 95 % CI= −46.23, −4.87, p=0.016). A Limited correlation between vit D and uterine volume was seen in girls with normal pubertal timing. Conclusions We demonstrated a correlation between vit D and uterine volume in ICPP girls, absent in normal peers. ICPP girls often exhibit lower vit D levels and increased uterine volume. Further research is vital for understanding vit D’s role in ICPP pathogenesis and guiding prevention and treatment strategies.
Pubertal development represents the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and attains reproductive function. The effects of vitamin D are mainly mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed in almost all body cells, including the ovary and human pituitary gland and animal hypothalamus. Thus, vitamin D has gained great interest as pathogenic factor of pubertal disorders and fertility. This narrative review aimed to provide a broad overview of the available literature regarding the association between vitamin D levels, puberty timing, and age at menarche. A review of the data on the involvement of micronutrient deficiency, as a modifiable cause of pubertal disorders, is important for the prediction and prevention of deficiencies as well as for fertility protection and should be considered a public health priority. Reported data support that vitamin D is a regulator of neuroendocrine and ovarian physiology and, more in detail, a deficiency of vitamin D is involved in altered pubertal timing. Considering the long-term consequences of early pubertal development and early menarche, the detection of modifiable causes is crucial in preventive strategies. Future studies in humans and with an increased scale are needed to elucidate the vitamin D role in sexual maturation and puberty development.
Minipuberty is a transient phase of reproductive axis activation during the first several months of life, playing an important role in the development of reproductive organs in boys. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neonatal complications. An inadequate gestational vitamin D status is hypothesized to affect the postnatal activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. The purpose of our study was to assess whether a low vitamin D status during pregnancy determines the course of minipuberty in boys. The study included three groups of male infants born to women with different vitamin D statuses: sons of women with vitamin D deficiency (group 1), sons of women with vitamin D insufficiency (group 2), and male offspring of females with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (group 3 (the reference group)). Concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in saliva, as well as concentrations of gonadotropins in urine, were assayed monthly from postnatal months 1 to 6, and once every 2 months in the second half of the first year of life. Additionally, at each visit, penile length and testicular volume were assessed. Concentrations of testosterone, FSH, and LH, as well as penile length and testicular volume, were greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. In turn, group 2 was characterized by higher FSH levels and a greater testicular volume than group 3. Peak concentrations of LH and testosterone were observed earlier in group 1 than in the remaining groups. The obtained results suggest that a low vitamin D status during pregnancy may have a stimulatory impact on reproductive axis activity and on the early postnatal development of male genital organs, correlating with the severity of hypovitaminosis D.
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