Prevalence, serotyping and antimicrobials resistance mechanism of Salmonella enterica isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Salmonella is recognized as a common foodborne pathogen, causing major health problems in Saudi Arabia. Herein, we report epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and the genetic basis of resistance among S. enterica strains isolated in Saudi Arabia. Isolation of Salmonella spp. from clinical and environmental samples resulted in isolation of 33 strains identified as S. enterica based on their biochemical characteristics and 16S-rDNA sequences. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis showed highest prevalence (39.4%), followed by S. Paratyphi (21.2%), S. Typhimurium (15.2%), S. Typhi and S. Arizona (12.1%), respectively. Most isolates were resistant to 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporin; and aminoglycosides. Moreover, several S. enterica isolates exhibited resistance to the first-line antibiotics used for Salmonellosis treatment including ampicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. In addition, the results revealed the emergence of two S. enterica isolates showing resistance to third-generation cephalosporin. Analysis of resistance determinants in S. enterica strains (n = 33) revealed that the resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, was attributed to the presence of carb-like, dfrA1, floR, tetA gene, respectively. On the other hand, fluoroquinolone resistance was related to the presence of mutations in gyrA and parC genes. These findings improve the information about foodborne Salmonella in Saudi Arabia, alarming the emergence of multi-drug resistant S. enterica strains, and provide useful data about the resistance mechanisms.

Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review

“…There are over 2500 serotypes. Each serotype has been identified according to differences in structure of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen (somatic) and of the H-antigen (ciliary) [ 77 , 79 ]. The S. bongori species involves serotypes belonging to subspecies V, and other subspecies, including I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI, belong to the S. enterica species.…”

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica from eggs

“…Furthermore, some serovars are also more dangerous. For example, S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, which can cause various symptoms include diarrheal disease (Andrews & Ryan, ; El‐Tayeb, Ibrahim, Al‐Salamah, Almaary, & Elbadawi, ). Molecular subtyping of Salmonella is effective for epidemiological investigations of infections and outbreaks.…”

“…Furthermore, some serovars are also more dangerous. For example, S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, which can cause various symptoms include diarrheal disease (Andrews & Ryan, 2015;El-Tayeb, Ibrahim, Al-Salamah, Almaary, & Elbadawi, 2017).…”

Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and comparison of selective plating media for the isolation of Salmonella in backyard chickens from Entre Rios, Argentina

“…In our study, Salmonella strains were sensitive to 18 antibiotics tested, and only resistant to erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic. Other authors reported a high resistant of Salmonella strains, isolated from poultry farms or clinical and environmental samples, to this antibiotic (El‐Tayeb, Ibrahim, Al‐Salamah, Almaary, & Elbadawi, ; Phagoo & Neetoo, ; Thung et al., ). Although the number of Salmonella strains isolated was low in our study and the resistant to this antibiotic could be due to improper usage or overuse, it is known that Gram‐negative bacilli, as Salmonella sp., are usually intrinsically resistant to macrolide antibiotics (Chambers, ; Nakajima, ).…”