Coronavirus persistence in human respiratory tract and cell culture: An overview

Gaspar-Rodríguez, Adriana; Padilla-González, Ana; Rivera-Toledo, Evelyn

doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101632

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, the viral RNA or protein solely cannot infect another human cell. The detection of the remaining postmortem RNA is explained by the rates of residual RNA replication, its catabolic degradation, and the cytotoxic activity of formerly living infected cells [ 47 ]. There is also evidence that lower temperature and humidity may prolong viral RNA degradation in the human body [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

Putra

Hidayat

Zhuhra

2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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The persistence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in different postmortem COVID-19 specimens remain unclear despite numerous published studies. This information is essential to improve corpses management related to clinical biosafety and viral transmission in medical staff and the public community. We aim to understand SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses. We conducted a systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocols. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using specific keywords. We critically reviewed the collected studies and selected the articles that met the criteria. We included 33 scientific papers that involved 491 COVID-19 corpses. The persistence rate and maximum postmortem interval (PMI) range of the SARS-CoV-2 findings were reported in the lungs (138/155, 89.0%; 4 months), followed by the vitreous humor (7/37, 18.9%; 3 months), nasopharynx/oropharynx (156/248, 62.9%; 41 days), abdominal organs (67/110, 60.9%; 17 days), skin (14/24, 58.3%; 17 days), brain (14/31, 45.2%; 17 days), bone marrow (2/2, 100%; 12 days), heart (31/69, 44.9%; 6 days), muscle tissues (9/83, 10.8%; 6 days), trachea (9/20, 45.0%; 5 days), and perioral tissues (21/24, 87.5%; 3.5 days). SARS-CoV-2 infectivity rates in viral culture studies were detected in the lungs (9/15, 60%), trachea (2/4, 50%), oropharynx (1/4, 25%), and perioral (1/4, 25%) at a maximum PMI range of 17 days. The SARS-CoV-2 persists in the human body months after death and should be infectious for weeks. This data should be helpful for postmortem COVID-19 management and viral transmission preventive strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

Putra

Hidayat

Zhuhra

2022

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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“…In the other aspect, the host immune status is postulated to account for the viral RNA reoccurrence. An immunocompromised state is associated with a high frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 persistence 9 . We did observe a delayed and compromised viral‐specific IgM, IgA, and IgG generation in the ancestral SARS‐COV‐2 infection 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…An immunocompromised state is associated with a high frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 persistence. 9 We did observe a delayed and compromised viral‐specific IgM, IgA, and IgG generation in the ancestral SARS‐COV‐2 infection. 3 The relation between viral reoccurrence and viral‐specific immune response for novel variants warrants further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

High titers of neutralizing antibodies in the blood fail to eliminate SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract

Cui

Tang

et al. 2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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Retest‐positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viral RNA, as a unique phenomenon among discharged individuals, has been demonstrated to be safe in the community. Still, the underlying mechanism of viral lingering is less investigated. In this study, first, we find that the frequency of viral RNA‐positive retesting differs among variants. Higher ratios of viral RNA‐positive retest were more frequently observed among Delta (61.41%, 514 of 837 cases) and Omicron (39.53%, 119 of 301 cases) infections than among ancestral viral infection (7.27%, 21 of 289 cases). Second, the tissues where viral RNA reoccurred were altered. Delta RNA reoccurred mainly in the upper respiratory tract (90%), but ancestral virus RNA reoccurred mainly in the gastrointestinal tract (71%). Third, vaccination did not reduce the frequency of viral RNA‐positive retests, despite high concentrations of viral‐specific antibodies in the blood. Finally, 37 of 55 (67.27%) Delta‐infected patients receiving neutralizing antibody therapy become viral RNA retest positive when high concentrations of neutralizing antibodies still patrol in the blood. Altogether, our findings suggest that the presentence of high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the blood is incompetent in clearing residual viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract.

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“…Nevertheless, it is known that in some cases, CPE and PCR data interpretation are divergent. This is most commonly found in vivo, such as in the case of using recovering COVID-19 patient samples during the later phases of infection or persistent cases, where results are PCR-positive but CPE-negative in cell culture [12,24]. In fact, CPE-negative samples are often associated with neutralizing antibodies from patient sera, indicating that the virus or fragments of the virus are present but no longer infectious [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sars-Cov-2 Inactivation by a Panel of Commercialized Buffers and by Traditional Protocols (Heat or SDS)

Quéromès¹,

Bouscambert‐Duchamp²,

Valette³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Following the rapid spread of COVID-19 across the globe, the intense response that was demanded of diagnostic centers and research laboratories prompted the use of numerous products and protocols for the management of SARS-CoV-2 specimens. In these settings, proper handling of such infectious specimen is necessary to ensure the safety of personnel and to reduce the risk of active transmission. Our aim was to evaluate the inactivation efficacy of different inactivating methods, notably from commercial lysis buffers available in diagnostic kits. Heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent were also included in our investigations. A cell culture-based assay was used, and supported by molecular qRT-PCR detection, to show in vitro infectivity reduction after inactivation treatment. Overall, all the investigated methods were successful in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. Ten minutes of contact with the commercial buffers completely stopped in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Fifteen minutes at 68°C and 30 minutes at 56°C as well as one hour with sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent at 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.1% yielded the same results. These findings demonstrate the reliability of these protocols with regards to biosafety. Inactivation by heat and sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent are rather simple and can be readily available methods for rendering an infectious SARS-CoV-2 specimen inactive, especially in settings where commercial buffers are not available.

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Coronavirus persistence in human respiratory tract and cell culture: An overview

Cited by 17 publications

References 79 publications

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

SARS-CoV-2 persistence and infectivity in COVID-19 corpses: a systematic review

High titers of neutralizing antibodies in the blood fail to eliminate SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract

Sars-Cov-2 Inactivation by a Panel of Commercialized Buffers and by Traditional Protocols (Heat or SDS)

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