Clinical and microbiological characteristics of cryptococcosis at an university hospital in China from 2013 to 2017

Associations between Cryptococcus Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Parameters of Human Disease: A Review

“…C. neoformans VNI ST5 strains can cause infections in both HIV-infected and HIV-negative patients and are found in China, Vietnam, South America, Thailand, Korea, Laos, and USA [ 106 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 ]. In China and Vietnam, cryptococcosis is predominately caused by ST5 strains [ 116 , 119 , 121 , 123 , 124 , 133 ]. Among HIV-negative patients from China and Vietnam there is little diversity between the STs of clinical isolates and a predominance of ST5 cryptococcal infections [ 119 ].…”

“…Among HIV-negative patients from China and Vietnam there is little diversity between the STs of clinical isolates and a predominance of ST5 cryptococcal infections [ 119 ]. Specifically, China has reported that a majority of their CM cases (most ST5) occur among individuals that are HIV-negative (71–96%) [ 121 , 123 , 124 , 133 ]. Among the HIV-negative cases 33–46% have no underlying diseases, 6–12% have hepatic diseases, 11–50% have autoimmune disorders or otherwise immunocompromised conditions, and 3–6% have chronic kidney disease [ 92 , 121 , 124 ].…”

“…Specifically, China has reported that a majority of their CM cases (most ST5) occur among individuals that are HIV-negative (71–96%) [ 121 , 123 , 124 , 133 ]. Among the HIV-negative cases 33–46% have no underlying diseases, 6–12% have hepatic diseases, 11–50% have autoimmune disorders or otherwise immunocompromised conditions, and 3–6% have chronic kidney disease [ 92 , 121 , 124 ]. In contrast, only 5–29% of CM cases occur in patients with HIV/AIDS [ 92 , 121 , 124 ].…”

“…Among the HIV-negative cases 33–46% have no underlying diseases, 6–12% have hepatic diseases, 11–50% have autoimmune disorders or otherwise immunocompromised conditions, and 3–6% have chronic kidney disease [ 92 , 121 , 124 ]. In contrast, only 5–29% of CM cases occur in patients with HIV/AIDS [ 92 , 121 , 124 ]. HIV-infected patients from China and Vietnam often display greater cryptococcal ST diversity among their isolates but ST5 is still a highly prevalent ST [ 119 ].…”

“…Among HIV-negative individuals with no underlying disease, there were significantly more patients with cryptococcosis caused by ST5 that presented with stiff neck and vision disturbances compared to non-ST5 infections [ 124 ]. Furthermore, both HIV-infected and HIV-negative ST5 infected patients presented with CM (64% CM in HIV-infected, 61% in HIV-negative) [ 121 ]. However HIV-negative ST5 infected individuals also presented with PC (24%) and cryptococcosis at other infection sites (3%) [ 121 ].…”