Neurologic complications of HIV in the HAART era: where are we?

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological complications continue to occur despite the development in antiretroviral treatment. New forms of old opportunistic infections and increased prevalence of neurocognitive disorders are the challenges that infectious diseases specialists face in daily clinic. How to screen and treat these disorders are subject of debate and new studies are underway to answer these questions. This review focuses on a brief discussion about opportunistic infections still present in late diagnosed HIV-infected patients and describes new forms of HIV-related neurological complications.

Cognitive Impairment among Persons of Rural Background Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Study from a Tertiary Care Centre of North India

“…[12] Since it adversely affects adherence to medications, interact socially or ability to work, and employability, early recognition and management of individuals with HAD are important for improving quality of their life. [34] However, it remains understudied despite a significant prevalence of HIV/AIDS-affected Indian populations.…”

“…[111] Paradoxically, an increased prevalence of mild forms is being recognized more often than before. [212] However, the overall incidence and prevalence rates of HAD in the post-HAART era vary greatly by geography, treatment, and risk factors studied. [13] Old aged HIV + individuals are definitely at higher risk for HAD than HIV-seronegative individuals.…”

“…[1415] High viral load during early stage, female gender, family history of dementia, depression, low educational level, unemployment, low CD4 counts (nadir CD 4 count 50 cells/mm 3 ), anemia, systemic symptoms, and intravenous drug abuse are other identified risk factors for HAD in studies but included no Indian populations. [21116171819] Good education suggests a cognitive reserve and mind's resiliency to neuropathological damage while HIV/AIDS-affected individuals with lower cognitive reserve have demonstrated worse neuropsychometric performance. [19] This is also evident in our 3 (0.8%) patients with signs of mild HAD having low education status, the only identified risk factor in them.…”

Toxoplasmose ocular com reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva em sangue periférico – relato de dois casos, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

“…It is responsible for many morbidities both in humans and in animals, which include, among others, ocular toxoplasmosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, congenital toxoplasmosis, abortion, and stillbirth [1][2][3][4]. About 80% of individuals with acquired infection remain asymptomatic, but eye injuries can occur in some cases [5].…”