Psoriasis de novo or exacerbation by PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors

Exosomes as novel tools for renal cell carcinoma therapy, diagnosis, and prognosis

“…Exosomes exert a pivotal influence on the progression of RCC through intricate molecular mechanisms. These nanosized extracellular vesicles facilitate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, thus modulating various aspects of tumor biology within the renal microenvironment [ [20] , [21] , [22] ]. Exosomes derived from RCC cells play a crucial role in promoting angiogenesis, a hallmark of tumor progression, by delivering pro-angiogenic factors to endothelial cells.…”

“…Specifically, RCC-derived exosomes have been shown to induce apoptosis of T cells, inhibit the cytotoxic function of natural killer cells, and foster the expansion of immunosuppressive cell subsets such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Thereby, they create an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is conducive to tumor growth [ 22 , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] ]. Moreover, exosomes contribute to the metastatic cascade in RCC by orchestrating processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells and preparing pre-metastatic niches in distant organs.…”