Happiness Scale Interval Study. Methodological Considerations

Abstract

The Happiness Scale Interval Study deals with survey questions on happiness, using verbal response options, such as ‘very happy’ and ‘pretty happy’. The aim is to estimate what degrees of happiness are denoted by such terms in different questions and languages. These degrees are expressed in numerical values on a continuous [0,10] scale, which are then used to compute ‘transformed’ means and standard deviations. Transforming scores on different questions to the same scale allows to broadening the World Database of Happiness considerably. The central purpose of the Happiness Scale Interval Study is to identify the happiness values at which respondents change their judgment from e.g. ‘very happy’ to ‘pretty happy’ or the reverse. This paper deals with the methodological/statistical aspects of this approach. The central question is always how to convert the frequencies at which the different possible responses to the same question given by a sample into information on the happiness distribution in the relevant population. The primary (cl)aim of this approach is to achieve this in a (more) valid way. To this end, a model is introduced that allows for dealing with happiness as a latent continuous random variable, in spite of the fact that it is measured as a discrete one. The [0,10] scale is partitioned in as many contiguous parts as the number of possible ratings in the primary scale sums up to. Any subject with a (self-perceived) happiness in the same subinterval is assumed to select the same response. For the probability density function of this happiness random variable, two options are discussed. The first one postulates a uniform distribution within each of the different subintervals of the [0,10] scale. On the basis of these results, the mean value and variance of the complete distribution can be estimated. The method is described, including the precision of the estimates obtained in this way. The second option assumes the happiness distribution to be described as a beta distribution on the interval [0,10] with two shape parameters (α and β). From their estimates on the basis of the primary information, the mean value and the variance of the happiness distribution in the population can be estimated. An illustration is given in which the method is applied to existing measurement results of 20 surveys in The Netherlands in the period 1990–2008. The results clarify our recommendation to apply the model with a uniform distribution within each of the category intervals, in spite of a better validity of the alternative on the basis of a beta distribution. The reason is that the recommended model allows to construct a confidence interval for the true but unknown population happiness distribution. The paper ends with a listing of actual and potential merits of this approach, which has been described here for verbal happiness questions, but which is also applicable to phenomena which are measured along similar lines.

Conversion of Verbal Response Scales: Robustness Across Demographic Categories

“…Those who are interested in the methodological considerations of the Continuum Approach can find more information about it in Kalmijn (2010, Ch. VI) and Kalmijn et al (2011). …”

Stability of Boundaries Between Response Options of Response Scales: Does ‘Very Happy’ Remain Equally Happy over the Years?

“…Those who are interested in the methodological considerations of the Continuum Approach can find more information about it in Kalmijn (2010, Ch. VI) and Kalmijn et al (2011).…”

“…The Continuum Approach postulates a latent happiness variable in the population, which is continuous over the interval [0,10]. In the case of happiness, a beta distribution is the most appropriate to use in the Continuum Approach, due to at least three interesting properties it has (Kalmijn et al 2011;p. 509-510) (i) it is a continuous distribution, which makes it suitable as a model for the continuous latent happiness variable in the population (ii) the random variable has a two-sided bounded domain, which makes it suitable for happiness as it is measured using two-sided bounded primary scales.…”

‘Very Happy’ Is Not Always Equally Happy

“…The judges are asked to identify the interval on a 0-10 numerical scale that corresponds with a verbal response option such as 'very happy' using a web-based Scale Interval Recorder (Veenhoven & Hermus 2006). This method is discussed in detail in (Kalmijn 2010;Kalmijn et al 2011) and we have classified it as the Semantic Judgement of Word Value in Context Method.…”