Biotechnological production of 2-phenylethanol

Etschmann, Marlene; Bluemke, Wilfried; Sell, Denilson; Schrader, Jens

doi:10.1007/s00253-002-0992-x

Cited by 332 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), which was found in the medium during the growth of the n PFKM and sf PFKM transformants, must have been formed from phenylpyruvate after decarboxylation. Normally, phenylpyruvate is transformed into PAA first and then reduced to phenylethanol (2-PE) by alcohol dehydrogenase (the Ehrlich pathway) [40, 41]. However, in the presence of ethanol in the medium, PAA, was detected, but 2-PE was not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the cancer specific shorter form of human 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase on the metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2017

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BackgroundAt first glance, there appears to be a high degree of similarity between the metabolism of yeast (the Crabtree effect) and human cancer cells (the Warburg effect). At the root of both effects is accelerated metabolic flow through glycolysis which leads to overflows of ethanol and lactic acid, respectively. It has been proposed that enhanced glycolytic flow in cancer cells is triggered by the altered kinetic characteristics of the key glycolytic regulatory enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (Pfk). Through a posttranslational modification, highly active shorter Pfk-M fragments, which are resistant to feedback inhibition, are formed after the proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminus of the native human Pfk-M. Alternatively, enhanced glycolysis is triggered by optimal growth conditions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ResultsTo assess the deregulation of glycolysis in yeast cells, the sfPFKM gene encoding highly active human shorter Pfk-M fragments was introduced into pfk-null S. cerevisiae. No growth of the transformants with the sfPFKM gene was observed on glucose and fructose. Glucose even induced rapid deactivation of Pfk1 activities in such transformants. However, Pfk1 activities of the sfPFKM transformants were detected in maltose medium, but the growth in maltose was possible only after the addition of 10 mM of ethanol to the medium. Ethanol seemed to alleviate the severely unbalanced NADH/NADPH ratio in the sfPFKM cells. However, the transformants carrying modified Pfk-M enzymes grew faster than the transformants with the human native human Pfk-M enzyme in a narrow ecological niche with a low maltose concentration medium that was further improved by additional modifications. Interestingly, periodic extracellular accumulation of phenylacetaldehyde was detected during the growth of the strain with modified Pfk-M but not with the strain encoding the human native enzyme.ConclusionsHighly active cancer-specific shorter Pfk-M fragments appear to trigger several controlling mechanisms in the primary metabolism of yeast S. cerevisiae cells. These results suggest more complex metabolic regulation is present in S. cerevisiae as free living unicellular eukaryotic organisms in comparison to metazoan human cells. However, increased productivity under broader growth conditions may be achieved if more gene engineering is performed to reduce or omit several controlling mechanisms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0362-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the cancer specific shorter form of human 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase on the metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2017

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“…The addition of exogenous phenylalanine to the growth medium has been shown to lead to increased levels of 2PE due to ex novo conversion 12. To test this with M. pulcherrima , the yeast was cultured at 20 °C, pH 4 over 12 days in SGJ media with additional L‐phenylalanine (10, 20 and 30 g L −1 ) containing no other additional nitrogen sources (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the yields tend to be low, despite only needing a sugar input, it had long been considered that the de novo synthesis of 2PE was not economically viable and focus was on the ex novo synthesis, using L‐phenylalanine as a substrate instead 12. Despite the additional cost of phenylalanine, by adding an excess amount to the culture externally, the yeasts can produce 2PE, simply reducing the feedstock biochemically, which tends to result in far higher yields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated production of the aromatic fragrance molecule, 2‐phenylethanol, using Metschnikowia pulcherrima through both de novo and ex novo conversion in batch and continuous modes

Chantasuban

Santomauro

Gore‐Lloyd

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND2‐phenylethanol (2PE) is a fragrance molecule predominantly used in perfumes and the food industry. It can be made from petrochemicals inexpensively, however, this is unsuitable for most food applications. Currently, the main method of production for the bio‐derived compound is to extract the trace amounts found in rose petals, which is extremely costly. Potentially fermentation could provide an inexpensive, naturally sourced, alternative.RESULTSIn this investigation, 2PE was produced from the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima, optimised in flasks before scaling to 2 L batch and continuous operation. 2PE can be produced in high titres under de novo process conditions with up to 1500 mg L−1 achieved in a 2 L stirred bioreactor. This is the highest reported de novo titre to date, and achieved through high sugar loadings coupled with low nitrogen conditions. The process successfully ran in continuous mode also, with a concentration of 650 mg L−1 of 2PE being maintained. The 2PE production was further increased by the ex novo conversion of phenylalanine and semi‐continuous solid phase extraction from the supernatant. Under optimal conditions 14 000 mg L−1 of 2PE was produced.CONCLUSIONSThe work presented here offers a novel route to naturally sourced 2PE through a scalable fermentation with a robust yeast highly suited to industrial biotechnology. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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“…It has a pleasant “rose-like” aroma and is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring agent, as an antibiotic, and also for production of the flavoring agent phenylethyl-acetate [2]. Interestingly, synthetic and natural PEA substantially differ in value, with the synthetic product priced around US $3.5/ kg in the world market (∼7000 ton per year in 2007), while the natural biologically produced product, preferred for human consumption, can command prices up to US $1000/ kg, with a global estimated market in 2007 of 0.5–1 ton per year [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this requires somewhat complex culture techniques that increase costs which make it economically unfavorable. Another limiting factor in microbial biotechnological PEA production is related to its inherent antimicrobial activity [2], [7], as it cannot be sequestered in stable (non-toxic) form or stored in a protective compartment (e.g., cell wall, vacuole, etc.) as frequently occurs for various natural products in vascular plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic Hybrid Poplar for Sustainable and Scalable Production of the Commodity/Specialty Chemical, 2-Phenylethanol

et al. 2013

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Fast growing hybrid poplar offers the means for sustainable production of specialty and commodity chemicals, in addition to rapid biomass production for lignocellulosic deconstruction. Herein we describe transformation of fast-growing transgenic hybrid poplar lines to produce 2-phenylethanol, this being an important fragrance, flavor, aroma, and commodity chemical. It is also readily converted into styrene or ethyl benzene, the latter being an important commodity aviation fuel component. Introducing this biochemical pathway into hybrid poplars marks the beginnings of developing a platform for a sustainable chemical delivery system to afford this and other valuable specialty/commodity chemicals at the scale and cost needed. These modified plant lines mainly sequester 2-phenylethanol via carbohydrate and other covalently linked derivatives, thereby providing an additional advantage of effective storage until needed. The future potential of this technology is discussed. MALDI metabolite tissue imaging also established localization of these metabolites in the leaf vasculature.

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Biotechnological production of 2-phenylethanol

Cited by 332 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of the cancer specific shorter form of human 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase on the metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effect of the cancer specific shorter form of human 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase on the metabolism of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Elevated production of the aromatic fragrance molecule, 2‐phenylethanol, using Metschnikowia pulcherrima through both de novo and ex novo conversion in batch and continuous modes

Transgenic Hybrid Poplar for Sustainable and Scalable Production of the Commodity/Specialty Chemical, 2-Phenylethanol

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