Biological reactions to calciumphosphate ceramic implants.

Histological evaluation of bone repair using beta-Tricalcium Phosphate

“…An inflammatory reaction was also observed in one animal in Subgroup B (control), thus demonstrating that the inflammatory process is not solely the result of the material used, but rather is inherent in the very process of tissue repair, although this inflammation was milder in Subgroup B than in Subgroup A. These results are in agreement with the findings of Rueger et al (13), in which the inflammatory response in the bone tissue of the animals studied was considered slight. In Groups 2 and 3 no inflammatory reaction was found, in agreement with the studies of Kamakura et al (14), who observed the decline in the inflammatory response over time.…”

“…A marked new bone formation was observed in two cases in Group 2, Subgroup A, but was apparent in only one animal in Subgroup B of this group; it thus appears that, in the second week of observation, Group 2, Subgroup A (experimental) presented a slight superiority in relation to the control group, probably as a result of stimulation of the implanted material. In Group 3 the new bone formation was homogenous in Subgroups A and B, differing only in the new bone formation on the rim of the implanted material, in agreement with the study of Rueger et al (13), who also found bone formation around tricalcium phosphate granules and who, after histomorphometric evaluation at 7, 21 and 40 days, demonstrated that the bone volume of neither the control nor the experimental groups presented any statistically significant differences. Since the total filling of the defect by bone tissue did not occur in Group 3 (30 days), the critical limit was regarded as effective for this period.…”

Biologically and chemically optimized composites of carbonated apatite and polyglycolide as bone substitution materials

“…Another prominent class of biomaterials is calcium 16 they have been shown to be biocompatible and osteoconductive when used for bone substitution. 17 Porous materials prepared from chemically treated corals, from bovine bone and from synthetic hydroxyapatite, are presently used for this purpose. Although bone ingrowth has been demonstrated for such materials, fundamental questions on the eventual biodegradation of synthetic or chemically treated calcium phosphates remain as they appear to participate only insufficiently in the general remodeling process in living bone.…”

Primary stability of anterior lumbar stabilization: interdependence of implant type and endplate retention or removal

“…Available materials are organic substances such as coral products (Interpore, Biocoral), bovine substances (Endobon and Pyrost), and synthetic anorganic substances (calciumbiphosphate, tricalcium phosphate, hydroxylapatite, and composite of substances). The anorganic substances are favored on account of the immunologic and infectious problems associated with biological substances [20,47,48,57]. Of the anorganic substances available, tricalcium phosphate is most frequently used since contrary to hydroxylapatite it can be absorbed and thus potentially completely absorbed by a bony fusion [20,57].…”

“…The larger the pores and the higher the porosity, the quicker the osteointegration. The opposite can be said for the stability of ceramic material, whereby the porosity of ceramic material should amount to at least 30% for osteointegration to occur [20,47,48,57,60]. Investigations of potential applications of ceramic materials entailed implantation into all the different regions of the spinal column in various animal species (hare, dog, sheep, and goat) [9,11,34,35,45].…”