The Apportionment of Human Diversity

Lewontin, Richard C

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14

Cited by 1,757 publications

(1,419 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, no apparent reduction of Fst estimates was observed in our analysis. The variable with smallest Fst estimate (Occipital arc; Fst ¼ 0.1464) is relatively close to the Fst estimate for the whole cranium (0.2117), and well within the range of Fst estimates published for neutral molecular data (Lewontin, 1972) and other craniometric datasets (Relethford, 1994(Relethford, , 2002.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations

Hübbe

Hanihara

Harvati

2009

The Anatomical Record

177

234

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The ability of cranial morphology to reflect population/phylogenetic history, and the degree to which it might be influenced by environmental factors and selection pressures have been widely discussed. Recent consensus views cranial morphology as largely indicative of population history in humans, with some anatomical cranial regions/measurements being more informative on population history, while others being under selection pressure. We test earlier findings using the largest and most diverse cranial dataset available as yet: 7,423 male specimens from 135 geographic human population samples represented by 33 standard craniometric linear measurements. We calculated Mahalanobis D 2 for three datasets: complete cranial dataset; facial measurement dataset; and neurocranial measurement dataset; these morphological distance matrices were then compared to matrices of geographic distances as well as of several climatic variables. Additionally, we calculated Fst values for our cranial measurements and compared the results to the expected Fst values for neutral genetic loci. Our findings support the hypothesis that cranial, and especially neurocranial morphology, is phylogenetically informative, and that aspects of the face and cranium are subject to selection related to climatic factors. The Fst analysis suggest that selection to climate is largely restricted to groups living in extremely cold environments, including Northeast Asia, North America, and Northern Europe, though each of these regions appears to have arrived at their morphology through distinct adaptive pathways. Anat Rec, 292:1720Rec, 292: -1733Rec, 292: , 2009. Key words: Fst; craniometrics; adaptation; population history; human variation; NeanderthalsThe degree to which human cranial morphology reflects population history or adaptive and developmental changes related to environmental conditions is the subject of ongoing scientific discussion in anthropology. Our understanding of the evolutionary processes affecting morphological variation directly impacts both the study of modern human geographic diversity as well as the interpretation of the human fossil record. The relevance of cranial morphology to phylogenetic reconstruction has been questioned in the past (see e.g., Collard and Wood, 2000), and convergence, parallelism, reversals, and environmen-

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations

Hübbe

Hanihara

Harvati

2009

The Anatomical Record

177

234

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“…To estimate population genetic structure, genetic diversity parameters including the percentage of polymorphic loci (Lynch and Milligan 1994), observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles (Kimura and Crow 1964), Nei's gene diversity (Nei 1973) and Shannon index (Lewontin 1972) were calculated using the software PopGene version 1.31 (Yeh et al 1999). Estimate of gene flow (Nm) was calculated as Nm=0.5×(1−Gst)/Gst (McDermott and McDonald 1993), where Gst is the gene differentiation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of RAPD, ISSR and DAMD markers in assessment of genetic variability and population structure of wild Musa acuminata colla

Lamare

Rao

2015

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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North east India is considered as one of the major biodiversity hotspots worldwide and centre of origin of several plant species including Musa. Musa acuminata Colla is known to be one of the wild progenitors of cultivated bananas and plantains. Three single primer based DNA marker techniques viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and directed amplification of minisatellites DNA (DAMD) were used for diversity diagnostics among 25 genotypes of wild M. acuminata collected from Meghalaya province of north east India. A total of 58 primers (26-RAPD, 21-ISSR, and11-DAMD) yielded 451 DNA fragments, of which 395 (87.58 %) were found to be polymorphic in nature. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were almost identical for each marker system. The resolving power of the marker system was found to be highest in RAPD (3.96) whereas ISSR resolved highest marker index (16.39) in the study. Selected amplicon data obtained through single primer amplification reactions were utilized for determination of diversity within and among the populations of M. acuminata. Nei's genetic differentiation (Gst) value (0.451) indicated higher proportion of the genetic variation within the populations which is supported by the AMOVA analysis (88 %). The study provides insight into the efficacy of RAPD, ISSR and DAMD to analyse the genetic variation existing in the wild Musa germplasm, which can further be exploited for quality trait improvement and domestication of such important horticultural crops. The genetic diversity based population structure may shed light on the genetic basis of speciation and evolution of various species within the genus Musa.

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“…The withinto between-group variation is very high for genetic polymorphisms (∼85%; refs. 16,17). This means that individuals from one 'race' may be overall more similar to individuals in one of the other 'races' than to other individuals in the same 'race' .…”

Section: Human Races As Human Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%