“…with chronic heart failure in human patients (Sandek et al, 2007;. Heart failure patients present with abnormalities in intestinal permeability, resulting in inappropriate permeability to bacterial endotoxins and reduced intestinal absorption of nutrients such as fats, proteins and iron (Sandek et al, 2009;Arutyunov et al, 2008;King et al, 1996). Increase in plasma levels of bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides, results in the activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways such as TNF-α, which has been linked as an inducer of ventricular remodeling, and leading to heart failure (Bozkurt et al, 1998;Sivasubramanian et al, 2001).…”