10,000 urinary stones for 10 years of analysis: a retrospective study in western Switzerland

Abstract

Several studies have reported a worldwide increase in incidence and prevalence of nephrolithiasis, with some specificities across countries and regions. A retrospective review was performed on all urinary calculi submitted between 2009 and 2019 from a large part of the western Switzerland to our laboratory. A total of 10,437 stones were analysed and the presence of 18,804 compounds revealed. The median age of patients was 51 years and the global male-to-female ratio was 2.49:1. From 2009 to 2019, calcium oxalates containing calculi were the most frequent, followed by calcium phosphate and uric acids, the latter being more common in men, whereas carbapatite was the second most frequent component in women. Infection stone frequency remained unchanged and low, with a higher rate for women. Finally, while Randall's plaque frequency was relatively small (7.4%), patients experiencing them were significantly younger. In this review, we identified an age and gender relationship of stone composition and Randall's plaque formation in our Swiss region, which paves the way for future investigations.

Retrospective analysis of urinary tract stone composition in a Chinese ethnic minority colony based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

“…The male predisposition to CaOx may be attributed to the following factors: the influence of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on CaOx crystal formation in rat models 22 , the promotion of CaOx crystal formation by enhanced androgen receptor (AR) signaling in hepatocytes 23 , 24 , as well as factors such as heavy physical work, excessive sweating, inadequate fluid intake, and concentrated urine volume 25 . Furthermore, the incidence of UA was higher in men compared to women, with a male-to-female ratio of 5.75:1, which is consistent with previous studies 26 , 27 . Additionally, our study aligns with previous research, indicating a higher incidence of ST and CaP in women 17 .…”

“…Additionally, the risk of UTI tends to increase in women during menopause after the age of 50, when estrogen levels significantly decline, which may contribute to the development of infectious stones in older women 29 . Our study observed similar trends to previous research conducted in China 5 , 18 and other countries 26 , 30 , we further employed the Kruskal–Wallis test and multiple comparison tests. This approach allowed us to offer a more detailed and comprehensive statistical analysis of the variations in stone occurrence among different age groups (Fig.…”