1 Position paper: Universal and areal patterns in grammaticalization

Bisang, Walter; Malchukov, Andrej; Rieder, Iris; Sun, Linlin; Martiny, Marvin; Luell, Svenja

doi:10.1515/9783110563146-001

Cited by 5 publications

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“…In a typical case, the formal and functional changes are reductive in nature; that is, grammaticalising elements lose semantic specificity, syntactic freedom, morphological potential, and phonological form. Yet, it has also been explicitly argued that grammaticalisation is initiated by semantic changes, which therefore have to be considered a necessary criterion for grammaticalisation; by contrast, formal changes do not always occur and are thus not a necessary part of the definition (e.g., Bisang et al., 2020; Heine, 2018). However, it follows from this approach that all elements that express traditional grammatical functions and that are formally reduced compared to full words must have undergone grammaticalisation at some point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clitics, anti‐clitics, and weak words: Towards a typology of prosodic and syntagmatic dependence

Zingler

2022

Language and Linguist. Compass

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Some reference grammars and cross-linguistic works describe all elements that are not clear-cut words as "clitics." As a consequence of this practice, the class of suggested clitics is highly heterogeneous, which reduces the usefulness of the "clitic" label as a whole. In response to this situation, a more nuanced typology of grammatical forms is proposed here. The argument crucially relies on the notion of formal "dependence," which is essentially a synchronic indicator of grammaticalisation status. The resulting system limits the term "clitic" to its prototypical manifestation, which combines a syntactic distribution with some degree of prosodic dependence on a host. Meanwhile, the class of "weak words" subsumes elements that are independent words in every regard except that they do not bear stress and/or tone, whereas "anti-clitics" are affixes except that they share some behaviour with phonological words. Lastly, there are "mobile" and "suspended" affixes, which show types of syntagmatic freedom not found with prototypical affixes. All form classes proposed in this typology are attested across unrelated languages and

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clitics, anti‐clitics, and weak words: Towards a typology of prosodic and syntagmatic dependence

Zingler

2022

Language and Linguist. Compass

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Evidentiality as a grammaticalization passenger

Mélac,

Bialek

2024

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This article investigates the grammaticalization patterns of evidentiality from a cross-linguistic perspective with a focus on Lhasa Tibetan. It documents the history of the evidential morphemes ’dug, -song, -bzhag, and =ze from Old Literary Tibetan to modern spoken Lhasa Tibetan. Our analyses show that these morphemes started grammaticalizing before encoding evidentiality. We argue that, through pragmatic strengthening, evidentiality tends to infiltrate forms which have already grammaticalized to express other semantic domains. These patterns of grammaticalization are confirmed by diachronic and reconstructed data from genetically unrelated languages. Evidentiality thus tends to be a ‘grammaticalization passenger’ (i.e., a conventionalized meaning which used to be merely implied from the recurrent contexts of a grammaticalized form) rather than a ‘grammaticalization target’ (i.e., a functional domain which triggers grammaticalization). This may explain why evidentiality is less often grammaticalized than other notions, such as time or modality, in the world’s languages.

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The links between evidentiality, modality, and grammaticalization

Mélac

2024

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This paper introduces the main notions that are addressed in this special issue, namely evidentiality, modality, and grammaticalization. It defines each notion and briefly synthesizes the literature. It also presents some of the controversies which surround the ideas that prevail in these research fields. Crosslinguistic examples illustrate the main evidential and modal categories, and clarify why the two domains are both distinct and related. The paper then sketches the main pathways of grammaticalization of modal and evidential markers as they have been documented in typological work. Finally, it introduces the contributions to this special issue, highlights the new insights, and discusses what remains to be investigated on the links between evidentiality, modality, and grammaticalization.

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1 Position paper: Universal and areal patterns in grammaticalization

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Clitics, anti‐clitics, and weak words: Towards a typology of prosodic and syntagmatic dependence

Clitics, anti‐clitics, and weak words: Towards a typology of prosodic and syntagmatic dependence

Evidentiality as a grammaticalization passenger

The links between evidentiality, modality, and grammaticalization

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