1. On the Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part I. Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Fore‐Limb

Windle, Bertram C. A.; Parsons, F. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1897.tb00023.x

Cited by 60 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

116

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…carnivores and ungulates: see, e.g. Windle & Parsons 1897). However, this clearly seems to be a derived condition for mammals because the numerous mammalian taxa with three heads include phylogenetically plesiomorphic mammals such as monotremes and marsupials (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From fish to modern humans – comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a recent study Diogo & Abdala [(2007) J Morphol 268 , 504-517] reported the results of the first part of a research project on the comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish and tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. This study, which reports the second part of the research project, focuses mainly on sarcopterygians and particularly on how the pectoral and forelimb muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals and humans. The data obtained by our own dissections of all the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of groups as diverse as sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals such as rodents, treeshrews, colugos and primates, including humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons clearly stress that, with regard to the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles, the most striking transition within sarcopterygian evolutionary history was that leading to the origin of tetrapods. Whereas extant sarcopterygian fish have an abductor and adductor of the fin and a largely undifferentiated hypaxial and epaxial musculature, extant salamanders such as Ambystoma have more than 40 pectoral and forelimb muscles. There is no clear increase in the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles within the evolutionary transition that led to the origin of mammals and surely not to that leading to the origin of primates and humans.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From fish to modern humans – comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Unfortunately, the terminology associated with the short digital flexors suffers from a lack of standardization, making it difficult to conduct a comprehensive, family‐level comparison. However, according to Windle & Parsons (1897), the majority of carnivores retain a full complement of mm. flexores digitorum breves, and this is the case in Ailurus (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1999), such as perissodactyls and artiodactyls, its presence in some carnivores, including Ailurus , is likely to be primitive (Fig. 4; Table 4) (Gratiolet, 1867; Macalister, 1873c; Beddard & Treves, 1889; Windle & Parsons, 1901; Campbell, 1935, 1936; Getty, 1975b; Sisson, 1975; Macdonald et al. 1985; Nickel et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): evidence from the forelimb

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Within the order Carnivora, the phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is contentious, with morphological and molecular studies supporting a wide range of possible relationships, including close ties to procyonids, ursids, mustelids and mephitids. This study provides additional morphological data, including muscle maps, for the forelimb of Ailurus, based on the dissection of four cadavers from the National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA. The red panda forelimb is characterized by a number of primitive features, including the lack of m. rhomboideus profundus, a humeral insertion for m. cleidobrachialis, the presence of mm. brachioradialis, articularis humeri and coracobrachialis, a single muscle belly for m. extensor digitorum lateralis with tendons to digits III-V, four mm. lumbricales, and the presence of mm. flexor digitorum brevis manus, adductores digiti I, II and V, and abductor digiti I and V. Red pandas resemble Ailuropoda, mustelids and some procyonids in possessing a soft tissue origin of m. flexor digitorum superficialis. In addition, red pandas are similar to ursids and procyonids in having a variable presence of m. biceps brachii caput breve. Furthermore, Ailurus and some ursids lack m. rhomboideus capitis. The forelimb muscle maps from this study represent a valuable resource for analyzing the functional anatomy of fossil ailurids and some notes on the Miocene ailurid, Simocyon batalleri, are presented.

show abstract

“…This procedure has also been used to reconstruct the muscular patterns in a number of extinct sloths, e.g., Paramylodon, Nothrotheriops, Megatherium, Mylodon (Naples1987,1989; Bargo,2001; Bargo et al,2006). It should be noted that previous dissections of the extant sloths (MacIntosh,1873,1874; Windle and Parsons,1899; Naples1982,1985; Sicher,1944) have indicated that the m. masseter consists of two layers: a superficial, five‐part m. masseter superficialis and a deep m. masseter pars profunda. As the emphasis of this study is upon a fossil sloth taxon, m. masseter pars profunda is not reconstructed and all references herein to m. masseter refer solely to m. masseter superficialis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Feeding mechanics and dietary implications in the fossil sloth Neocnus (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from haiti

McAfee

2011

Journal of Morphology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Haitian species of the extinct ground sloth genus Neocnus (Mammalia: Pilosa: Megalonychidae) have previously been hypothesized to have a much reduced jugal bone and a correspondingly reduced masseter musculature but a paucity of specimens has prevented further investigation of this hypothesis. Recent discovery of jugal bones belonging to Haitian specimens of Neocnus within the University of Florida Museum collections enables the element to be more accurately described. The discovery also makes it possible to explore mastication in these sloths. Osteological characters related to feeding were examined, along with comparative estimations of bite force with the extant tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, and their known dietary habits as a means to infer aspects of the paleodiet of Neocnus. There is a significant difference in moment arm calculations for m. masseter between predicted and actual jugals, but the overall significance for bite force is lost and hampered by small sample size. Neocnus demonstrates a variety of characters that are similar to those of Bradypus and not to Choloepus, which is a close phylogenetic relative. The masticatory musculature of Neocnus enabled a chewing cycle emphasizing a grinding combination of mesiodistal and linguobuccal movements of the molariform dentition. The orientations of m. masseter and m. temporalis are estimated to produce relatively high bite force ratios that imply a masticatory system with stronger versus faster components. Because of the similarity of bite forces and jaw mechanics to those of Bradypus, in addition to a number of osteological adaptations indicative of herbivorous grazers (elevated mandibular condyle, large and complex masseter, and robust angular process), the Haitian forms of Neocnus are considered to have been selective feeders with a folivorous diet.

show abstract

1. On the Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part I. Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Fore‐Limb

Abstract: MYOLOGY OF THE TEKEESTRIAL CARNIVORA. 373 897.] iiTOLOGY or the terrestrial carmvora. * 'Anat. des Kanincliens.' * It should, however, be borne in mind that the ccntrnlis is very easily overlooked.

Cited by 60 publications

References 6 publications

From fish to modern humans – comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature

From fish to modern humans – comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature

The phylogeny of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens): evidence from the forelimb

Feeding mechanics and dietary implications in the fossil sloth Neocnus (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from haiti

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About