1‐nitropyrene as a marker for the mutagenicity of diesel exhaust‐derived particulate matter in workplace atmospheres

Abstract

The use of 1‐nitropyrene (1‐NP) as a marker for the occupational exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) mutagens was investigated in workplace atmospheres contaminated with DE from a variety of emission sources, such as power supplies, forklifts, trucks, caterpillar vehicles, trains, ships' engines, and vehicles in city traffic. Total suspended particulate matter was collected by area sampling. The 1‐NP content of acetone extracts of these samples as determined by gas chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry varied from 0.080 to 17 μg/g acetone extractable matter, corresponding to air concentrations of 0.012 to 1.2 ng/m3. A sample collected in a rural area contained 0.0017 ng/m3 1‐NP. The mutagenicity of the extracts was tested in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538, using the microsuspension assay with and without metabolic activation by an exogeneous metabolizing system (rat liver S9‐fraction). In addition, the S. typhimurium strains YG1021 and YG1024 were used because of their high sensitivity towards the mutagenicity of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. When plotting the mutagenic potency of the air sample extracts as determined in the absence of liver S9 versus the particle‐associated 1‐NP level, a relatively high correlation (r = 0.80–0.91) was observed in all of the S. typhimurium strains. High correlations (r = 0.80–0.93) were also observed when plotting the results of mutagenicity testing after activation by S9 versus the outcome of chemical analysis. These results show that the 1‐NP content of workplace air samples is associated with their mutagenic potency, suggesting that 1‐NP may be used as a marker for occupational exposure to DE‐de‐rived particle‐associated mutagens © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs from heavy-duty diesel vehicles with DPF and SCR

“…For the baseline vehicle, the 1-nitropyrene (0.13 AE 0.004 mg/mile) was the dominant nitro-PAH, followed by 3-nitrophenanthrene (0.14 AE 0.05 Â10 À3 mg/mile). The 1-nitropyrene has been used as marker of diesel exhaust (Scheepers et al, 1995), and it is a precursor for 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,8-dinitropyrenes. However, the dinitropyrenes were not detected from the test fleet in this study.…”

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (Scheepers et al, 1995) Panel, 2007) are among the most toxic compounds in diesel engine exhaust. The U.S. EPA has listed 16 individual PAHs, known as the 16-PAH group, as priority pollutants.…”

Health hazard evaluation report: evaluation of diesel exhaust exposure at two fire stations.

“…The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified 1-nitropyrene as a Group 2A carcinogen, or "probably carcinogenic to humans" [International Agency for Research on Cancer 2014]. 1-nitropyrene has also been identified as a potential mutagen [Chan 1996;Scheepers et al 1995]. Other health effects from 1-nitropyrene exposure are not well known.…”

Aggravation of Allergic Rhinitis by Air Pollution: Demonstration by an Animal Model of Pollenosis

“…Pyrenes, such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), which are encountered in the environment mainly in the form of air pollution, are ubiquitous environmental pollutants found in DEP and cigarette smoke (Rosenkranz, 1980;Scheepers, 1995;Bai, 1998;Ohura, 2004). Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of BaP and 1-NP in various cell types have been well documented (Bai, 1998;el-Bayoumy, 1995;Nakanishi, 2000).…”