1-Methylcyclopropene Interactions with Diphenylamine on Diphenylamine Degradation, α-Farnesene and Conjugated Trienol Concentrations, and Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase Activities in Apple Fruit

Arquiza, J. M. R. Apollo; Nock, Jacqueline F.; Watkins, Christopher B.

doi:10.1021/jf0511603

Cited by 41 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…A long-standing hypothesis holds that scald symptoms are caused by oxidative reactions, resulting in the production of conjugated trienol oxidative products of the sesquiterpene α -farnesene, which accumulate during storage in response to cold stress. The synthesis of α -farnesene is closely linked to ethylene production 5 , since this hormone modulates the expression of the gene MdAFS1 encoding α -farnesene synthase 1, the last enzyme in the α -farnesene biosynthetic pathway. Most research effort to date on scald etiology has been dedicated to α -farnesene oxidation while alternative ideas remained relatively poorly defined 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene –dependent and –independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in ‘Granny Smith’ apple fruit

Karagiannis

Michailidis

Tanou

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Superficial scald is a major physiological disorder of apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) characterized by skin browning following cold storage; however, knowledge regarding the downstream processes that modulate scald phenomenon is unclear. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying scald resistance, ‘Granny Smith’ apples after harvest were treated with diphenylamine (DPA) or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), then cold stored (0 °C for 3 months) and subsequently were ripened at room temperature (20 °C for 8 days). Phenotypic and physiological data indicated that both chemical treatments induced scald resistance while 1-MCP inhibited the ethylene-dependent ripening. A combination of multi-omic analysis in apple skin tissue enabled characterization of potential genes, proteins and metabolites that were regulated by DPA and 1-MCP at pro-symptomatic and scald-symptomatic period. Specifically, we characterized strata of scald resistance responses, among which we focus on selected pathways including dehydroabietic acid biosynthesis and UDP-D-glucose regulation. Through this approach, we revealed scald-associated transcriptional, proteomic and metabolic signatures and identified pathways modulated by the common or distinct functions of DPA and 1-MCP. Also, evidence is presented supporting that cytosine methylation-based epigenetic regulation is involved in scald resistance. Results allow a greater comprehension of the ethylene–dependent and –independent metabolic events controlling scald resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene –dependent and –independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in ‘Granny Smith’ apple fruit

Karagiannis

Michailidis

Tanou

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…Inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis or action reduces CTOL and MHO biosynthesis production by reducing α-farnesene biosynthesis [7–9]. Application of the principal α-farnesene oxidation product, the 2,6,10-trimethyldodeca-2,7( E ),9( E ),11-tetraen-6-ol (CTOL) and other closely related compounds to apples at harvest resulted in symptoms visually similar to superficial scald and could be reduced in severity by prior DPA treatment [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed response to cold stress is characterized by successive metabolic shifts culminating in apple fruit peel necrosis

et al. 2017

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BackgroundSuperficial scald is a physiological disorder of apple fruit characterized by sunken, necrotic lesions appearing after prolonged cold storage, although initial injury occurs much earlier in the storage period.To determine the degree to which the transition to cell death is an active process and specific metabolism involved, untargeted metabolic and transcriptomic profiling was used to follow metabolism of peel tissue over 180 d of cold storage.ResultsThe metabolome and transcriptome of peel destined to develop scald began to diverge from peel where scald was controlled using antioxidant (diphenylamine; DPA) or rendered insensitive to ethylene using 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) beginning between 30 and 60 days of storage. Overall metabolic and transcriptomic shifts, representing multiple pathways and processes, occurred alongside α-farnesene oxidation and, later, methanol production alongside symptom development.ConclusionsResults indicate this form of peel necrosis is a product of an active metabolic transition involving multiple pathways triggered by chilling temperatures at cold storage inception rather than physical injury. Among multiple other pathways, enhanced methanol and methyl ester levels alongside upregulated pectin methylesterases are unique to peel that is developing scald symptoms similar to injury resulting from mechanical stress and herbivory in other plants.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-017-1030-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Recent works have correlated the induction of superficial scald with the accumulation of α-farnesene autoxidation products, such as conjugated trienols (CTols), mainly 2,6,10-trimethyldodeca-2,7E,9,11-tetraen-6-ol [[23]]. The synthesis of α-farnesene is also supposed to be closely linked to the amount of ethylene [[24]], since this hormone modulates the expression of MdAFS1 (α-farnesene synthase 1), the last gene in the α-farnesene biosynthetic pathway. The close connection between ethylene and α-farnesene was also further confirmed by the effect of the ethylene competitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which leads to a reduced accumulation of α-farnesene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target metabolite and gene transcription profiling during the development of superficial scald in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh)

et al. 2014

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BackgroundFruit quality features resulting from ripening processes need to be preserved throughout storage for economical reasons. However, during this period several physiological disorders can occur, of which superficial scald is one of the most important, due to the development of large brown areas on the fruit skin surface.ResultsThis study examined the variation in polyphenolic content with the progress of superficial scald in apple, also with respect to 1-MCP, an ethylene competitor interacting with the hormone receptors and known to interfere with this etiology. The change in the accumulation of these metabolites was further correlated with the gene set involved in this pathway, together with two specific VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), α-farnesene and its oxidative form, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Metabolite profiling and qRT-PCR assay showed these volatiles are more heavily involved in the signalling system, while the browning coloration would seem to be due more to a specific accumulation of chlorogenic acid (as a consequence of the activation of MdPAL and MdC3H), and its further oxidation carried out by a polyphenol oxidase gene (MdPPO). In this physiological scenario, new evidence regarding the involvement of an anti-apoptotic regulatory mechanism for the compartmentation of this phenomenon in the skin alone was also hypothesized, as suggested by the expression profile of the MdDAD1, MdDND1 and MdLSD1 genes.ConclusionsThe results presented in this work represent a step forward in understanding the physiological mechanisms of superficial scald in apple, shedding light on the regulation of the specific physiological cascade.

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1-Methylcyclopropene Interactions with Diphenylamine on Diphenylamine Degradation, α-Farnesene and Conjugated Trienol Concentrations, and Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase Activities in Apple Fruit

Cited by 41 publications

References 37 publications

Ethylene –dependent and –independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in ‘Granny Smith’ apple fruit

Ethylene –dependent and –independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in ‘Granny Smith’ apple fruit

Delayed response to cold stress is characterized by successive metabolic shifts culminating in apple fruit peel necrosis

Target metabolite and gene transcription profiling during the development of superficial scald in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh)

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