1.89 $ kg^–1 Lake-Water-Based Semisolid Electrolytes for Highly Efficient Energy Storage

Abstract

Solid electrolytes with fast ion kinetics and superior mechanical properties are critical to electrochemical energy devices; however, how to design low-cost, high-performance solid electrolytes has become a critical challenge in the energy field, and significant progress has not been achieved until now.Here, lake-water-based semisolid electrolytes with a low cost of 1.89 $ kg −1 have been put forward for the purpose of market promotion. By virtue of the palygorskite dopants and lake water source, the electrolytes display satisfying mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties as well as economic benefits. The application potential of electrolytes has been demonstrated by employing a polyelectrolyte with ionic conductivity of 0.82 × 10 −4 S cm −1 in flexible supercapacitors. The as-assembled devices give a high energy density of 54.72 Wh kg −1 and excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 94.8% over 20 000 cycles. The flexibility of devices has been verified through 5000 repetitive bending tests. Our work presents insight into the design of flexible solid electrolytes based on cheap and green raw materials.

Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites: From Material Engineering to Flexible Applications

“…Originally used polyelectrolytes, including hydrogels and ionogels based on water and ionic liquids, were usually unstable with complicated ionic environments and caused inhomogeneous diffusion of cations and anions in electrochemical processes resulting in unstable energy transduction properties. , The slow ion mobility and long response time deteriorate the high-frequency response speed of IPMC devices. To this end, a single-ion conductive polyelectrolyte has been reported with one kind of movable ion in a polymer matrix (Figure a) .…”

Ultrafast Ion Transfer of Metal–Organic Framework Interface for Highly Efficient Energy Storage

“…Highly efficient electrochemical energy storage devices including batteries and supercapacitors are emerging as critical energy supply for modern smart electronics. − Flexible supercapacitors are a kind of electrochemical energy device by virtue of high power density, lightweight, flexibility, and long cycle life. − However, the rate capability and stability of flexible supercapacitors are restricted by limited ion transfer kinetics caused by conventional transmembrane transport across thick solid electrolytes. , For instance, a hydrogel electrolyte based supercapacitor was found with serious capacity degradation of 75% as the charge–discharge rate increased from 1 to 10 A g –1 . It has seldom been reported that flexible supercapacitors work stably at high current rates beyond 20 A g –1 . , When compared with electrode and electrolyte materials, fast and stable interfacial ion transfer does matter under high-current-rate conditions, but exciting achievement on this direction has not been reported until now.…”