1,4-Dihydropyridine Antihypertensive Drugs: Recent Advances in Photostabilization Strategies

Abstract

The 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) drugs are nowadays the most used drugs in the treatment of hypertension. However, all the structures in this series present a significant sensitivity to light, leading to the complete loss of pharmacological activity. This degradation is particularly evident in aqueous solution, so much so that almost all DHP drugs on the market are formulated in solid preparations, especially tablets. The first and main process of photodegradation consists in the aromatization of the dihydropyridine ring, after which secondary processes can take place on the various substituents. A potential danger can result from the formation of single oxygen and superoxide species that can in turn trigger phototoxic reactions. Several strategies for the photostabilisation of DHP drugs have been proposed in recent years, in particular with the aim to formulate these drugs in liquid preparations, as well as to limit any toxicity problems related to light degradation. This review summarizes and describes the main aspects of the studies conducted in recent years to obtain photostable formulations of DHP drugs.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Amphiphilic 1,4-Dihydropyridines and Preparation of Magnetoliposomes

“…It is known from the literature that some 1,4-DHP molecules exhibit a significant sensitivity to light, leading to the complete loss of pharmacological activity [47,48]. It is necessary to emphasize that the tested cationic moieties containing 1,4-DHP are more stable than the corresponding parent compounds without cationic moieties.…”

Recent Developments on Catalyst‐Free, Visible‐Light‐Triggered Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffolds and Their Mechanistic Study

“…Ghosh et al reported a highly efficient, rapid and environment-benign protocol for the synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4dihydropyridine (18) under visible light irradiation via a onepot three-component reaction of aldehydes (15), ethyl acetoacetate ( 16) and ammonium hydroxide (17) in aqueous ethanol with excellent yields (92 %) (Scheme 9). [32] According to the suggested mechanism, a radical anion 10 A was formed by an electron transfer from ammonia (17) to the carbonyl group of ethyl acetoacetate (16) in the presence of light.…”

Light-sensitive medicinal compounds – the actual review of studies and strategies in proceedings

“…amlodypiny, felodypiny, nikardypiny, nifedypiny, nisoldypiny, m.in. poprzez zastosowanie liposomów z niejonowymi surfaktantami, utworzenie emulsji O/W z polioksyglicerydowymi emulgatorami i dekstrynami [19]. Procedury analityczne do monitorowania fotodegradacji leków z grupy chemicznych pochodnych DHP zostały przedstawione w wielu publikacjach naukowych, między innymi przy wykorzystaniu spektrofotometrii z zakresu UV-Vis oraz analizy danych wielowymiarowych [20].…”