0D Perovskites: Unique Properties, Synthesis, and Their Applications

Abstract

0D perovskites have gained much attention in recent years due to their fascinating properties derived from their peculiar structure with isolated metal halide octahedra or metal halide clusters. However, the systematic discussion on the crystal and electronic structure of 0D perovskites to further understand their photophysical characteristics and the comprehensive overview of 0D perovskites for their further applications are still lacking. In this review, the unique crystal and electronic structure of 0D perovskites and their diverse properties are comprehensively analyzed, including large bandgaps, high exciton binding energy, and largely Stokes-shifted broadband emissions from self-trapped excitons. Furthermore, the photoluminescence regulation are discussed. Then, the various synthetic methods for 0D perovskite single crystals, nanocrystals, and thin films are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the emerging applications of 0D perovskites to light-emitting diodes, solar cells, detectors, and some others are illustrated, and the outlook on future research in the field is also provided.

New Low-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskitoids Based on Lead Bromide with Organic Cations from Charge-Transfer Complexes

“…These mini-rods are made from four lead bromide octahedra that are only slightly distorted (Table 2) and feature yet another binding mode, as they share in the order of a face, an edge and a face (Figure 3 top) similar to an octahedra sharing sometimes found in 1D hybrid perovskitoids [35], such as corner-shared mini-rods in a previously reported bromoplumbate with a N-methylated 4,4 -bipyridine cation [50]. Note that other 0D-perovskitoids often (incorrectly) [51] referred to as 0D-perovskites [13] contain isolated octahedral anions MX 6 (M = Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Bi 3+ ; X = Cl − , Br − , I − ) or their face-shared dimers [13] or trimers [35].…”

“…Instead, the obtained crystalline products were perovskitoids [35] with the corresponding methanamonium cations and one-dimensional (1D) or finite arrays of lead bromide octahedra connected via different modes (other than corner-sharing in true perovskites [35]) depending on the polyaromatic/conjugated core in the hydrobromide used. Switching to (E)-(4-styrylphenyl)methanamonium hydrobromide as a source of a potential organic donor that has a very different (elongated) shape from the above "compact" polyaromatic compounds resulted in a completely different, although low-dimensional (0D) [13], perovskitoid material of the composition [StyrNH3]2[PbBr4] (Figure 3). In 13) Å), that run along the crystallographic axis a parallel to each other (Figure 3b).…”

“…Switching to (E)-(4-styrylphenyl)methanamonium hydrobromide as a source of a potential organic donor that has a very different (elongated) shape from the above "compact" polyaromatic compounds resulted in a completely different, although low-dimensional (0D) [13], perovskitoid material of the composition [StyrNH 3 ] 2 [PbBr 4 ] (Figure 3). 13) Å), that run along the crystallographic axis a parallel to each other (Figure 3 bottom).…”

“…As a solution [4,5], low-dimensional hybrid perovskites [3] were proposed in which MX 6 octahedra or MX 5 pyramids [6] are corner-shared in less than three dimensions. A wider choice of organic cations [7], which no longer have to meet strict size requirements [8,9], allows obtaining 2D- [10], 1D- [11,12] or 0D- [13] hybrid perovskites with promising optoelectronic properties. To further improve their performance in solar cells [14], inert organic cations are sometimes replaced [15] by electroactive molecules [16][17][18][19][20], including those encountered in organic charge-transfer complexes [18,[21][22][23][24].…”

One-dimensional luminescent tetrabutylammonium lead halide perovskite synthesized with deep eutectic solvents

“…36,37 Strong exciton binding energy effectively avoids the dissociation of excitons at room temperature and the formation of free carriers, which facilitates the realization of high-performance photon emission-based optoelectronic devices. 38…”