Core Ideas
We characterized core and minicore subsets of the USDA National Small Grains Collection of global rice accessions for grain quality.
We identified loci and candidate genes for grain quality and grain chalk traits in rice diversity panels.
We detected loci with pleiotropic effects across multiple grain quality and agronomic traits.
We demonstrated the utility for genome‐wide association (GWA) discovery in a minicore selected to maximize diversity with a minimal panel size.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) end‐use cooking quality is vital for producers and billions of consumers worldwide. Grain quality is a complex trait with interacting genetic and environmental factors. Deciphering the complex genetic architecture associated with grain quality provides essential information for improved breeding strategies to enhance desirable traits that are stable across variable climatic and environmental conditions. In this study, genome‐wide association (GWA) analysis of three rice diversity panels, the USDA rice core subset (1364 accessions), the minicore (MC) (173 accessions after removing non‐sativa), and the high density rice array–MC (HDMC) (383 accessions), with simple sequence repeats, single nucleotide polymorphic markers, or both, revealed large‐ and small‐effect loci associated with known genes and previously uncharacterized genomic regions. Clustering of the significant regions in the GWA results suggests that multiple grain quality traits are inherited together. The 11 novel candidate loci for grain quality traits and the seven candidates for grain chalk identified are involved in the starch biosynthesis pathway. This study highlights the intricate pleiotropic relationships that exist in complex genotype–phenotypic associations and gives a greater insight into effective breeding strategies for grain quality improvement.