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The extreme floods in the Ebro River basin since 1600 CE

“…This can be explained by: a) an increase in atmospheric instability that produced severe precipitations at the end of the LIA (Oliva et al, 2018); and b) an increase in the exposure of the population in the flooding areas, and this is tied to an increase of the agricultural activity and population growth. Previous authors (Barriendos and Martín Vide, 1998;Llasat et al, 2005;Benito et al, 2008;Machado et al, 2011;Barrera-Escoda and Llasat, 2015;Corella et al, 2016;Oliva et al, 2018) have pointed out a similar behavior of different rivers in the IP during the same periods. Since 1950, the number of extreme floods decreases not only because there is a small decrease in the amount of precipitation at the Pyrenees at headwaters (Vicente-Serrano et al, 2007), but also because of the volumes of the flood retained in the different reservoirs.…”

“…The chronological study of the long series for historical flooding long series in the study areas (except Fraga) was started by Barriendos and Martín-Vide (1998), Llasat et al (2005) and Barriendos and Rodrigo (2006), all of whom prepared the first catalogue on the severity and extension of the different cases (292), but without quantifying the magnitude of the peak discharges, the spatial distributions or the persistence of the rain.…”

“…This new necessity is clearly reflected by some early 21st century reviews of flood series at different rivers being published in journals specializing in historical hydrology and paleohydrology (Benito et al, 2005(Benito et al, , 2015bGregory et al, 2006;). There is currently an extended chronology in Europe (Glaser et al, 2010;Brázdil et al, , 2012Luterbacher et al, 2012) that allows detecting spatial and temporal changes in the flood regimes (Blöschl and Montanari, 2010;Hall et al, 2014;Kjeldsen et al, 2014;Kundzewicz et al, 2014) For the Iberian Peninsula (IP), there are historical chronologies that cover most of the basins (Barriendos and Rodrigo, 2006;Benito and Machado, 2012), the Mediterranean coast (Barriendos and Martín-Vide, 1998), Catalonia Llasat et al, 2005;Barrera-Escoda and Llasat, 2015), SE of IP (Machado et al, 2011), the Atlantic rivers (Benito et al, 2003), and some specific areas of the Pyrenees mountain range (Corella et al, 2014(Corella et al, , 2016.…”

Temporal approaches of historical extreme storm events based on sedimentological archives

“…which were particularly conducted by Degeai et al (2015), Sabatier et al (2010), and Vallve and Martin-Vide (1998). Detection of Holocene storm phases from sedimentology can be a useful tool to apprehend possible climatological influences of historical storm activity.…”

An extreme event between The Little Ice Age and the 20th century: the snow avalanche cycle of 1888 in the Asturian Massif (Northern Spain)

“…Notwithstanding, the last decades of the 19th century included periods of decreasing temperatures, intense climate variability and extreme hydroclimatic events; in Switzerland, for instance, the period 1886-1895 was one of the coldest in the last 500 years (Corona, 2012b); in Canada the 1880 decade was a period with a high precipitation and mountains experienced a glacial advance (Luckman, 2000); in Iberian Peninsula temperatures dropped by ca. 1ºC during the 1880-1890 decade, with more frequent and severe cold waves (Oliva et al, in revision) and in several sites across northern Iberia historical sources showed evidence of an increased frequency of catastrophic floods during the second half of the 19th century (Barriendos and Martín-Vide, 1998). Specifically, the 1880's coincided with a cold weather stage in which drought conditions could have dominated (Coll et al, 2016), but with exceptionally wet years as 1885 and 1888 (Font-Tullot, 1988) in which snowstorms, hailstorms and heavy rain events, were more frequent than usual in Spain (Gonzalo de Andrés, 2004).…”