0^-—Al³⁺ holes and Ti³⁺ electron centers in quartz as indicators of temperature of regional metamorphism

Electron paramagnetic resonance and the thermoluminescence emission mechanism of the 280°C peak in natural andalusite crystal

“…An investigation of a large number of naturally occurring minerals, formed under different genetic conditions performed by Bershov [22] and Bershov et al [23] showed that tetravalent titanium is usually isomorphously incorporated in their structure. However, Bershov also confirmed the formation of trivalent titanium electron center under ionizing radiation.…”