The diverse group of “smart” piezoelectric materials is distinguished by their ability to react actively to changing stimuli as a result of converting mechanical to electrical energy and vice versa. Synthetic piezoelectric polymers, an integral part of the “smart” materials group, exhibit a type of behavior that is often compared with biological reactions involving transformations of the sensed information into the desired response. Due to such special qualities, piezoelectric polymers have been increasingly used in a rapidly expanding range of applications. At present, these materials continue to offer unprecedented design opportunities, leading to the belief that the industry is on the verge of major technological breakthroughs.
The diverse group of piezoelectric materials includes a variety of synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate); semicrystalline polyamides such as nylon‐11; and amorphous polymers such as vinyl acetate. However, piezoelectric effects in these materials are relatively weak, often unstable, and are considered of limited practical significance. Strong piezoelectricity has been observed only in the synthetic polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) and PVDF copolymers.