0.16 µm–BCD Silicon Photomultipliers with Sharp Timing Response and Reduced Correlated Noise

Sanzaro, Mirko; Signorelli, Fabio; Gattari, Paolo; Tosi, Alberto; Zappa, Franco

doi:10.3390/s18113763

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The miniaturization of a PET system is seriously limited as a result of the large volume and high working voltage of PSPMT. A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), also referred to as a multi pixel photon counter (MPPC), according to the operation principle, as a new type of semiconductor device, is gradually replacing the PSPMT in a new generation of photodetectors in PET systems [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] based on the advantages of high quantum efficiency, high gain, fast time response, low operating voltage, compact structure, and immunity to magnetic fields [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Deng

Chen

2020

Sensors

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Positron emission tomography (PET) has a wide range of applications in the treatment and prevention of major diseases owing to its high sensitivity and excellent resolution. However, there is still much room for optimization in the readout circuit and fast pulse sampling to further improve the performance of the PET scanner. In this work, a LIGHTENING® PET detector using a 13 × 13 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal array read out by a 6 × 6 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array was developed. A novel sampling method, referred to as the dual time interval (DTI) method, is therefore proposed to realize digital acquisition of fast scintillation pulse. A semi-cut light guide was designed, which greatly improves the resolution of the edge region of the crystal array. The obtained flood histogram shown that all the 13 × 13 crystal pixels can be clearly discriminated. The optimum operating conditions for the detector were obtained by comparing the flood histogram quality under different experimental conditions. An average energy resolution (FWHM) of 14.3% and coincidence timing resolution (FWHM) of 972 ps were measured. The experimental results demonstrated that the LIGHTENING® PET detector achieves extremely high resolution which is suitable for the development of a high performance time-of-flight PET scanner.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Deng

Chen

2020

Sensors

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“…6, cyan and magenta curves). Notwithstanding the presence of deep oxide trenches, crosstalk probability is higher for the 0.16 µm-BCD for multiple reasons: (i) smaller pixel separation, (ii) higher PDE, (iii) higher intensity of the avalanche current and (iv) multiplication region is deeper than the oxide trenches [46]. However the relatively higher crosstalk probability of the 0.16 µm-BCD sensor does not introduce any degradation in the spatial gain resolution (with respect to CLSM) obtained via ISM.…”

Section: Optical Crosstalkmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPAD-based asynchronous-readout array detectors for image-scanning microscopy

Buttafava¹,

Villa²,

Castello³

et al. 2020

Optica

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Fluorescence microscopy and derived techniques are continuously looking for photodetectors able to guarantee increased sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution and ease of integration into modern microscopy architectures. Recent advances in single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) fabricated with industry-standard microelectronic processes allow the development of new detection systems tailored to address the requirements of advanced imaging techniques (such as image-scanning microscopy). To this aim, we present the complete design and characterization of two bidimensional SPAD arrays composed of 25 fully independent and asynchronously-operated pixels, both having fill-factor of about 50% and specifically designed for being integrated into existing laser scanning microscopes. We used two different microelectronics technologies to fabricate our detectors: the first technology exhibiting very low noise (roughly 200 dark counts per second at room temperature), and the second one showing enhanced detection efficiency (more than 60% at a wavelength of 500 nm). Starting from the silicon-level device structures and moving towards the in-pixel and readout electronics description, we present performance assessments and comparisons between the two detectors. Images of a biological sample acquired after their integration into our custom imagescanning microscope finally demonstrate their exquisite on-field performance in terms of spatial resolution and contrast enhancement. We envisage that this work can trigger the development of a new class of SPAD-based detector arrays able to substitute the typical singleelement sensor used in fluorescence laser scanning microscopy.

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“…For this reason, the charge spectrum is an effective way to show the behavior of an a-SiPM as well as the capability of photon number resolving. In addition, the peak-to-valley ratio also reveals the correlated noise level in the device (i.e., afterpulsing and delayed crosstalk) [10]. The gain of the a-SiPM is estimated by the charge spectrum.…”

Section: B Charge Spectrum Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There exist at least two types of SiPMs: analog SiPMs (a-SiPMs) [7], where the avalanche currents are summed in an analog fashion, and digital SiPMs (d-SiPMs), where the avalanche currents are converted to digital signals and combined using logic trees [8] and each microcell can be masked individually [9]. In an a-SiPM, the output node generates a current proportional to the number of quasi-simultaneously detected photons [7], [10], while a d-SiPM requires additional logic to extract that information, as it is done in a multi-digital SiPM (md-SiPM) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A threshold of multiple photons can be set for pulse detection in order to improve the signal background noise ratio (SBNR). Furthermore, the implementation of SiPM based on commercial complementary-metaloxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology [10], [14] enables cost-effective systems-on-chip (SoCs) with both detectors and processing electronics [6], [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Analog Silicon Photomultipliers in Standard 55-nm BCD Technology for LiDAR Applications

Zhao¹,

Milanese²,

Gramuglia³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We present an analog silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based on a standard 55 nm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) technology. The SiPM is composed of 16×16 single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and measures 0.29×0.32 mm 2 . Each SPAD cell is passively quenched by a monolithically integrated 3.3 V thick oxide transistor. The measured gain is 3.4× 10 5 at 5 V excess bias voltage. The single-photon timing resolution (SPTR) is 185 ps and the multiple-photon timing resolution (MPTR) is 120 ps at 3.3 V excess bias voltage. We integrate the SiPM into a coaxial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system with a timecorrelated single-photon counting (TCSPC) module in FPGA. The depth measurement up to 25 m achieves an accuracy of 2 cm and precision of 2 mm under the room ambient light condition. With co-axial scanning, the intensity and depth images of complex scenes with resolutions of 128×256 and 256×512 are demonstrated. The presented SiPM enables the development of cost-effective LiDAR system-on-chip (SoC) in the advanced technology.

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0.16 µm–BCD Silicon Photomultipliers with Sharp Timing Response and Reduced Correlated Noise

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

SPAD-based asynchronous-readout array detectors for image-scanning microscopy

On Analog Silicon Photomultipliers in Standard 55-nm BCD Technology for LiDAR Applications

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