Spasticity treatment is one of the key aspects of the contemporary cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation that influences on the effectiveness of other methods. The paper presents the first Russian document that unites the recommendations for the BTA treatment of CP and could be used as the guideline for the multilevel injections. The Russian consensus on the multilevel botulinum toxin A (BTA) treatment of spastic CP is based on the international data and the results of national studies. The authors describe typical CP spasticity patterns in the upper and lower extremities, give recommended intervals for the BTA (Abobotulinum toxin A) dosages for the whole injection procedure and for the separate muscles. The method of dosage calculation for functional segments is also described. Attention is paid to the frequency, optimal intervals between the repeated injections and the whole duration of BTA treatment. The authors discuss effectiveness and safety of BTA, factors that potentially influence the results of the injections, including ultrasound and electromyography control, and indications for the continuation and termination of treatment.
The article emphasizes the importance and relevance of engineering education in the face of challenges of the modern information society, development of new technologies and knowledgeintensive industries. Attention is paid to the low level of demand for engineering professions among potential entrants, as well as to the issue of developing competencies needed for a modern engineer, taking into account the requirements of the labour market. The article describes the experience of I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University on organizing career-guidance work with pupils of educational in-stitutions, including implementation of projects aimed at popularization of engineering education. One of such significant for the region projects is “Engineering classes”, in which senior classes schoolchildren of four leading partner-schools of the University take part. The training program includes lessons on mathematics, physics and computer sciences, reinforcing training of future entrants for getting higher engineering-technical education, as well as an elective part on solving applied engineering tasks from the following sections: electronics, robotics, mechatronics, 3D modeling, engineering graphics, and prototyping. A specific feature of the project is a broad engagement of students majoring in technical directions as tutors into the educational process when schoolchildren perform research and design work. Along with higher levels of knowledge in basic subjects for a future engineer, an active participation of schoolchildren in project activities makes it possible to develop communication skills, acquire experience of team work, which is particularly in demand by employers. The article stresses the important role of the largest industrial regional enterprises in implementing the project. These enterprises provide their production sites to explore the organization of production and professional activities of engineers, as well as participate in holding Olympiads and creative contests and provide opportunities for subsequent target training. Thus, the project «Engineering classes» makes it possible to implement the model of continuing education in a single chain «School-University-Enterprise», thereby creating preconditions for the growth of human capacity in regional high-tech enterprises.
Sustainability of free market economy is stipulated by positive competitive environment which presupposes the relationships among different ventures and entrepreneurs, achieving their individual goals. According to this legislation restricts any illegal interactions, violating Antimonopolistic Law and ceasing the competition. The analyzing of investigating and courts practice of such criminal cases reveals certain complications, concerned with detection and proofing of cartel collusions. Thus, the investigation needs to define, clarify and evaluate all the points and attributes of cartel itself and illegal collusion. The main features are: special subjective structure of participants; coordination and coherence of all participants in common illegal intentions; achieving of common goals for criminal subjects. Herewith, the organizing role considering as the particular attribute of cartel collusions.
Artificial electric lighting in buildings is an important element of any electrical system. The ample use of artificial electric lighting in modern society is indisputable. Apart from its main purpose, if legally designed and installed, electrical lighting promotes the stable work and development of a country’s power engineering. Effective use of energy resources and the capacities of power engineering are keys for the sustainability of economic growth. An increased demand in energy resources has provoked uncontrolled energy consumption and violations in fuel extraction as well as in fuel or electricity use. In the article, the authors try to give an analysis of such violations, which in its turn allows disclosing a few legal loopholes in this economic sector. The owner of energy resources suffers great damages from unauthorized connections to electrical and gas networks. Perpetrators of electrical and thermal energy consumption regulations are subject to civil, criminal, and administrative law. Nevertheless, the authors’ analysis of cases in the courts shows that a great number of them are seldom inquired into, and most perpetrators are very rarely held liable. The aim of the article is to analyze the national legislation to withstand the illegitimate energy resources consumption, to bring to light the issues in this economic sector and to suggest some ways of their solution.
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