IntroductionCiticoline is a choline donor involved in the biosynthesis of brain phospholipids and acetylcholine, used for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Several studies have shown its beneficial effects both in degenerative and vascular cognitive decline. Due to its effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic CNS activity, citicoline can also be used as an adjuvant in depression treatment.Objectives and aimsComparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of a multimodal antidepressive therapy with ceraxone (citicoline) plus one of the antidepressants (venlafaxine, agomelatine, or fluvoxamine) and monotherapy with the same antidepressant for the treatment of depression in the elderly. Two groups of patients were included in the study (21 patients in each group) aged from 60 to 79 years old, comparable to the main clinical characteristics.MethodsFirst group patients were treated with a single antidepressant, patients of the second group – with the same antidepressant and intravenous infusions of ceraxone: 10 infusions (500 mg in 100 mL isotonic sodium chloride solution) during 2 weeks, followed by transfer to the drug in solution at 3 mL per os two times a day for six weeks.ResultsA multimodal therapy with ceraxone leads to more rapid and significant therapeutic response along with the reduction of adverse events compared to antidepressant monotherapy.ConclusionObtained data allows to recommend a multimodal antidepressive therapy with ceraxone (citicoline) for the treatment of elderly depressive patients to reduce the risk of adverse effects of antidepressants and to shorten hospitalization period.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The study of a large amount of factual material about the formation conditions of gibbsite or boehmite and their mutual transformations in lateritic bauxites allowed us to solve the problem of boehmite formation and its spatial and genetic relationship to gibbsite. The boehmite formation occurred only during the formation of sedimentary-lateritic bauxites from alluvial and lacustrine sediments that underwent bleaching and resilification at the stage of sediment flooding, as well as on bleached bedrock under sedimentary-lateritic bauxites. The most intense boehmite formation occurred at a depth of 20–30 m from the surface and was accompanied by an alumina input, which was realized here in the form of boehmite along with the gibbsite formation due to the hydrolytic decomposition of kaolinite and partially due to the input alumina. In the upper profiles, the recrystallization of bauxites occurs with the replacement of dissolving boehmite with gibbsite, with a decrease in the total Al2O3 content and an increase in the amount of crystallization water. In classic lateritic bauxites, the boehmite content is highly insignificant; that is, its formation in them practically does not occur or is very much inhibited.
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